Determinis, Biological

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According to the author of the article All in the Genes?, there is no

intrinsic causality between genetics and intelligence. The author analyses

different aspects of biological determinism, and supplies many examples, which

illustrate aspects of this problem that are being discussed since the time

when these ideas became popular. He does not agree with biological determinist

that the intellectual performance of a person depends on genes inherited from

his parents. There are a lot of different theories about intellectual

capabilities. All these theories reflect different points of views, depending on

the period of time the authors of these theories lived.

The author argues for the theory that in the nineteenth century ,

artificial barriers in social hierarchy prevented people from achieving higher

intellectual performance. In the end of XX century, in most places these

barriers were removed by the democratic processes, and nothing artificial can

stand between the natural sorting process and social status of the people. These

changes can not be considered as historical because the age of democracy is just

two hundred years , and the time when inequality between classes and between

people was a natural situation is almost as long as the history of the world .

The author insists that there is no connection between environmental

differences and genetics. In support of his idea the author state that any

Canadian student can perform better in mathematics than some ancient professors

of mathematics. The author comes to the conclusion that changes in a cultural

environment are the main factor that determines level of intellectual

performance, not inherited combination of parents genes .He argues that

genetic differences that appear in one environment may easily disappear in

another. A theory that twins were raised in different social conditions will

have the same level of intellectual performance because identical genetics

constitution was used by the ideologist of biological determinism. The author

rejects this theory because from his point of view, all these cases cannot be

considered as always reliable on a close look, in most cases, twins were

raised by the members of the same family or in other words, not in a diametrical

opposite level of society. The author believes that there is no convincing

measure of the role of genes in influencing human behavioural variation.

During the argumentation of questions of biological determinism, the

author supports his idea with numerous examples. He gives examples of supporters

of bio determinism and outlines that these examples are not reliable. One of the

fallacies of biological determinism is the result of IQ testing. According to

some scientist only 0% of performance depend on environment and other 80%

depend on genetic variations. The author state that this is completely

fallacious because there is no connection between the variation that can be

ascribed as genetic differences and whether an IQ performance was affected by

environment and by how much. IQ measures little more than a person s ability

to take a test. Scores increase dramatically as a person is trained or

familiarised with a test. It means that an IQ level does not depend on the

intellectual abilities of parents but on the manner of studying and preparation

that can be considered as environmental changes.

For the author, there is a casual relationship between genetic and

environmental differences. He gives us an example of a fruitflies with more

bristles under the wing on the left side than on the right side. He says that

these differences are caused by random chances of cell during growth and

development and that every organism is a unique combination of genes and

environmental random chances. Another fallacy can be illustrated by the

statement provided by the author, which is built on the ideology of biological

determinism . . . if most of the variation in, say, intelligence among

individuals is a consequence of variation among their genes, then manipulating

the environment will not make much differences. The author argues that the

proportion of variation in genes is not fixed properly, but one that varies from

environment to environment. So, the author of the article provides many examples

and rejects the fact that the intelligence is only affected by genes.

.We can characterises the ideology of biological determinism as an

explanation of social, cultural and physical inadequacy among people based on

their inborn biological differences, which are passed along from parents to

children. Scientists who support the theory of biological determinism insist

that all people differ in their fundamental abilities because of some innate

differences, such as genetic constitution. This ideology of genetic inequality

states that there is a bridge between racial genetic constitution and the size

of the brain. Many scientists believe that the evaluations of peoples brain

sizes correspond to a persons intellectual ability. Samples of skulls from

around the world confirmed Western European supremacy. The scientists in

pursuit of studies such as biological determinism always failed to clarify how

typical these skulls were of their respective populations. Simple selection of

skulls easily biased results, without a scientist necessarily realising his own

subjectivity. The theory of biological determinism appeared primarily to

legitimate forms of social inadequacy and control. Such ideas were the product

of industrial revolution, as well as cultural and ideological.

Some ideologies of biological determinism assert that sophisticated

behaviour is not taught, but develops automatically. There is a difference

between mankind and animals behaviour. For example, child learns how to speak

his first words under the influence of the parents or relatives, but a child

who is raised in an isolated environment cannot communicate in a normal way. We

can conclude from this example that a child begins to speak not because of

genetic variations of his or her parents, but because of the environment he is

located in. History knows the cases when a child was raised among animals, but

his humans inherited genetic constitution did not influence his intellectual

performance.

The fact that so many oriental children do well seems to be more of a

nurture/environmental reason rather than a nature/genetic reason. Their parents

may have come from villages with little or no chance of an education. When they

migrate to the West, many, as a result of conflict such as the Vietnam war,

brought their ideologies with them. But they may not have the higher

intelligence as an innate ability, so therefore neither would their children.

This is an example to show that in some cases nature can affect the way nurture

rules your life, and it is completely controverts the ideology of biological

determinism.

Another authors example that contradicts the theory of biological

determinism is Wilsons disease, which causes suffering from inability of

detoxify to cooper, which is an example of a genetic disorder. A few centuries

ago people with such behaviour could not be considered fully functional.

However, because of achievements of modern medicine, a treatment for these

genetic disorders was found, and just by taking a pill, such a genetic disorder

can be eliminated. Today we do not accept people with genetic inability

because these people are different from us, but tomorrow they will be full

members of our society.

.From my point of view, biological determinism does not have a direct

bridge to social inequality and political control. In my opinion, intelligence

is shaped by a mixture of genes and environmental influence. The question, is

whether all people have approximately the same capacity to think and to work.

But it is not appropriate question to ask. The question should be, whether all

people are motivated by the same things? Given the cases consider, the answer is

no. This is an important distinction. Every one of us has different

surroundings which in one way or another shapes our perceptions of social

reality. Rules of the society where we live can tell each of us to act a given

way in certain situations. Our nature is our genetic endowment. It determines

our basic physical appearance our hair and eye colour, etc. It determines the

types of emotions and motivations we can experience. We have different inner

responses to different environments. However, our genes depend on the

environment to fill in the missing details. So, if we are genetically

predisposed to become agitated in a crowded setting, but we never experience

such an environment, we will not have this genetic behaviour. We cannot tell

whether that people in our society are distinct from each other because of

those unexpressed innate differences. No two people are motivated by the same

experience; thats why we are so different. There is no doubt that our

achievements in a society are predominated by our own contribution to any

business and how much effort we put to it. It requires 100 % contribution in

order to achieve the deserved result. In every layer of society we can

encounter cases when individuals are raised above the average because of the

level of their intellectual ability, but not because their parents were rich

and famous.

One historical example that contradicts the theory of biological

determinism is a the world famous scientist Albert Einstein. Jewish immigrant

from Germany, he was not rich, his parents were not professors or politicians.

Because of his significant intellectual power, he became famous all around the

world. And even after his death, his brain was taken by a scientist who tried to

figure out what was the difference between him and the rest of us. Nothing

unusual in his brain was found. This specific example contradicts the theory of

biological determinism. Einsteins innate capacities were not transmitted from

generation to generation biologically. Thus is his efforts made him famous and

acceptable through the world. Thus is his contribution to science could give him

a control and a power, if he desired it.

Yes, Einstein was in some way different from others. What can it be? If

we assume that all individuals were raised in the same environmental condition,

such as family, school and neighbourhood, than the differences between them and

others can be explained by the genetic constitution, but it still does not mean

that this genetic constitution was 100% inherited from their parents. From my

point of view, these genetic differences can be explained only by the random

combination of genes. I think it can not be explained by any logical way or by

genetic science but only as a result of play of nature . The best proof of

this idea can be that after all of successes in the field of genetic science,

there is still no any remedies that can let to produce smart children. Another

example that contradicts a theory of biological determinism, that we do not live

by our natural, instinctual, primitive way because we do not live, as primitive

animals do in nature. Civilisation is a subversion of nature. In a global

contest there is a huge amount of examples when people whose parents did not

have any money or power, achieved the higher level of power. For example

Napoleon, a son of the ordinary people, citizen of Corsica, just with the help

of his intellectual power he became the first person in the France. He did not

inherit any imperious qualities from his parents, but he manages to become an

imperator. We can say that his existence causes the death and starvation of

millions people during the wars that he had. What can be the best proof of the

power when persons desire for control decides for people to die or to live?

History knows an example where it is not innate abilities bring people

to the power and control. A monster of the 0th century came to the power that

responsible for the World War II. Anything is known about Hitlers sadistic

behaviour or harmful acts in his childhood. Hitlers hate came from the fact

that he was an outsider who did not belong anywhere, who never found a safe and

secure place in a society. The environment he lived in, the unfairness of German

society, the crisis in his family made him mad and furious This is an influence

of a society made him a bloody criminal of the 0th century. Hitlers

remarkable power as a speaker and the will to the revenge made him a very good

orator that helped him to lead the masses. Hitler and Napoleon had inner

responses in different ways to different environment. No one can assume that a

hunger for a domination and an authority came to them with their mothers blood.

Therefore, there is no bridge between biological determinism of innate

capacities and a desire of people with a power to invade and kill the innocent

population. Our genes encode only what they need to, to conserve genetic

material. The rest of the detail is left for the environment to fill in.

4.For thousands of years humans ask the question of their human nature.

They have attempted to find themselves in relation to the animal kingdom.

The quest for knowledge is universal in Frankenstein It is well-known

that the scientific revolution of 17th centuries initiated a profound

intellectual upheaval in western thought that replaced the philosophical

universe of Aristotle and the Middle Ages with the new infinitary and

mechanistic universe of Copernican astronomy and Galilean-Newtonian physics.

And this new mechanistic universe dominated western thought until the early

years of the 0th century-shaping almost all aspects of the further development

of western culture and setting the stage, for the revolutionary scientific

developments of the present century.

The scientific revolution that resulted in the new mechanistic universe

of Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton also resulted in an equally profound upheaval

in the development of western medicine. In Science and Literature in the

Nineteenth Century Mary Shelleys theme of scientific interference with the

fundamental mysteries of life makes Frankenstein the prototype of numerous works

of science fiction. She creates the typical representative of her time.

Frankenstein is a great medical scholar, exaggeration of Shelleys simple

student. A Frankenstein Effect, the suite of moral and ethical problems

encountered when man tries to improve our nature.

The monster, being a sort of matter duplication of Victor, has a

physical and psychic link with his creator. If the monster is wounded, Victor

also gets the same wound.

This transforms the story from its usual allegory of the relationship of

God and Man to one of the two sides of a single persons personality.

I do think that Frankensteins monster can be considered as a product

of theory of biological determinism. Biological determinism states that

intellectual abilities are enclosed in us by genes inherited from parents.

The main idea of Victor Frankenstein, was a creation of some kind of

machine or robot, which, like we assume, does not have any genes background and

therefore, according to the theory of biological determinism, does not have any

intellectual future. Despite this assumption, a monster begins to show the sign

of the intellect, he tries to get knowledges, and it means that something going

on with him. This something changes his intellectual structure, shifting him

from the animal state to the human being. If we follow the ideas of biological

determinism, it should be nonsense Monster does not have any intellectual

background. He does not even have parents.

But in fact, happened something opposite, according to the book, the

monster very much wants to stimulate his intellect and has a great desire for

knowledge. He eagerly listens the humans discussion and teachings and he revels

in finding some books The possession of these treasures gave me extreme

delight; I now continually studied and exercised my mind upon these histories.

Just like his creator at the beginning of the narrative, he is thirsty for

knowledge and reads everything that he can lay his hands on.

The artificial man is put in a number of situations where one would

expect a human being to react in one way and a machine or construct in another .

The monster that Frankenstein creates has all of human society against him from

the start. Wee see Shellys intentions to show that monster and his behaviour

reflect the image of our society, where humans are not very kind to each other

and not to mention how they treat somebody who is not human or looks repulsive.

The monster or the people that he tries to be friend with and who consistently

refuse his offers of friendship on the basis of his appearance. We see the

authors intentions to show comparisons between the monster and other people.

She illustrates the presence of humans characteristics that are traditionally

thought to be defining characteristics for a monster.

The monster did very human thing when he risked his own life and saved

a young girl who has fallen into a rapid river. We see than a monster has very

negative impression about a society he meets, but despite of that, he has very

good intentions to contact a human race. However, the influence of a society

makes him depressed and dissatisfied with his life situation. The feelings of

kindness and gentleness which I had entertained but a few moments before gave

place to hellish rage and gnashing of teeth. Inflamed by pain, I vowed eternal

hatred and vengeance to all mankind. Having come this far, one might be

forgiven for wondering which is the most human the monster or the people

that he tries to be friend and who consistently refuse his offers of friendship

solely on the basis of his appearance. Therefore, from authors intentions and

Frankenstein motivations we can tell that the monster is a by-product of the

theory of biological determinism.

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A letter to Robert S Philips

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Dear Sir,

I understand that a man of your position only has so little time for letters such as mine and if you are reading this, I thank you for being so dedicated to us, your people. I have heard many impressive things about you. Your past is that of a man of continuous success and accomplishment, I hope the future only brings you better. I gave you my sincere vote in the last election in the last election because I believed in you; I still do. I assure you that during the challenging times our country is currently facing, you have not lost my respect and support. I and many others are behind you, every step of the way out of this hard-hitting depression.

I try to get a sense of how you, the leader of this country, might feel at times like this. At your standing, the job is not an easy one. What is expected of you is a great deal. Your decisions affect our lives daily.

I live on the outskirts of the city of Toronto. I live with my wife and two children, Michael and Elise. I was one of the few men in the area who managed to keep their jobs after the ongoing depression. I work as an electrician for a local bread company. Ive worked there for twelve years. A lot more is expected of me now, though. I have to work intensely because theres always someone outside willing to take my place anytime. I now do more, for less. I guess in a way I am fortunate because I am better off than the thousands of people who lost their jobs and are at the present on relief. However, the depression has had an adverse effect on me and my family, just like it has affected any other family in Canada. Were in this together. We try to move ahead looking forward to better times for our children and our childrens children. We are modestly trying to be patient. Order Custom Essay on A letter to Robert S Philips

I am not writing these lines to criticize, whine or point the finger at you for the conditions our country is facing. I wouldnt dare to do that to a man of your stature, sir. I am not a radical and I understand this is not anybodys personal fault.

The true reason that I am writing to you is because of my wife. Joanne has been sick for two years now. Cancer has caught up to her. The doctor revealed it is from the work in the ammunition factories that she did during the Great War. She urgently needs operation; its the only solution to her problem. Otherwise, were going to lose her and we cant. We wouldnt be able to do whatever thing without her. The doctor gave us an estimation of 6 months for her to live. Now its down to two months. The cancer is spreading fast. Operation is pricey and we can not meet the expense of that amount of money. I beg your immediate help, sir. Please help my wife live.

And sir, again, this is not the perfect time for anyone in Canada. However, it seems to me as though we are stuck and sleepy, reluctant to try different methods and plans to get us out of these times and back to prosperity. We cant just wait and hope for something to happen. We have to make something happen. And I am sure we can make it happen, sir. I know you are not going to let us down.

Yours truly,

Robert S. Philips

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Looks

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This is SO cheesy and awfully generic! That said, my teacher liked it.

There are many different types of boundaries affecting todays society, such as social, cultural, educational and family. Of course, these arent physical boundaries, but mental. Boundaries are all about ignorance, ignorance to see someone elses point of view and ignorance in regards to coming to the realisation that all human beings are the same. The novel "Looking For Alibrandi,?by Melina Marchetta, illustrates the impact boundaries can have on someones life. It also directs us to believe that after crossing boundaries we gain the ability to become quite liberal and have a better understanding of the people surrounding us.

"Social boundary?is quite a broad term. The term 'social?is described in the dictionary as "living in communities; relating to society.?This implies that a social boundary might be described as a boundary that prevents a person from relating to society. A good example of this would be how Josephine Alibrandi, the lead character in the book, believes shes not on the same level as Ivy Lloyd, the school captain. Josie thinks this because Josie got into St Marthas, an 'upper class?high school, through scholarship and not through her parents money. She feels that because they are on two different levels of social class they cant be friends, but by the end of the book she realises that they are a lot alike. Unfortunately, it took John Bartons tragic suicide for the two to overcome their boundaries and realise their misjudgements and confide in each other. Social boundaries are quite prevalent in high schools today; its about status due to attitude and behaviour, its about appearance. Social boundaries have an immediate affect in 'Looking For Alibrandi? to all the characters. Ivy, Josie, John and Jacob are all pawns in the impact of social boundaries. In fact, social boundaries destroyed Jacob and Josies relationship and prevented Jacob and John, Ivy and Josie from becoming friends.

Although boundaries are figments of our imaginations, cultural boundaries have become quite a large social issue. Cultural boundaries are the result of racism; racism is a result of ignorance. Once again, surpassing the cultural boundaries we are overcoming ignorance and learning to tolerate all of humankind. For instance, Josie hit Carly; one of the 'beautiful people?at school, in the face with her science book after Carly called her a 'wog? Nonna Katia pretends to have a big issue with an Italian having a relationship with an Australian. "What do they know about culture? Do they understand the way we live??Nonna exclaims after wondering why other Italian girls had boyfriends and Josie didnt. However, later in the book we discover that Nonna had an affair with an Australian when she first came out to Australia; we learn that Nonna is incredibly hypocritical and will do anything to hide the truth, anything to not be gossipped about. So, although she criticises Australians, she was, and still is, in-love with one. Through this we see that social (and cultural, educational and family) boundaries dont just affect high school students. Help with essay on looks

Educational boundaries arent such a major issue in 'Looking For Alibrandi? however it is still an issue. There is an academic competition going on between Josie and Ivy, both girls want to outdo each other in the educational field. Ivy is school captain, whilst Josie is 'merely?vice captain. Towards the end of the novel, at the school graduation, Josie received three awards; English, Italian and Science, however Ivy was Dux. Ivy later exclaimed to Josie, "Im only Dux because I didnt want you to be, I worked harder because of you. You got on my nerves a lot.?In which Josie replied, "Yeah, well, I only excelled in English to beat you.? This conversation outlines the two girls educational rivalries throughout the whole book. Their educational boundaries existed through the means of competition.

Family boundaries can be a combination of all the boundaries mentioned above. Family boundaries mainly consist of your familys expectations of you, whether that is academic expectations, social expectations or cultural expectations. In the novel, John Barton didnt feel he wanted to do what his parents expected him to do - law. John wanted freedom of choice, but felt he had none due to his familys tradition of pursuing a career in the field of law. Due to this, John committed suicide. Josies family expect her to keep inside the boundaries theyve laid out for her to do with culture. Her Nonna doesnt want Josie to lose her Italian self, and fears that her peers will over influence her. Josie doesnt believe she should go out with Jacob Coote because she knows her grandmother will disapprove of him, when her grandmother should just accept the fact that Josie has the freedom to go out with whoever she pleases, if she disagrees with the decision Josie has made then she should wait and let Josie make the mistake and learn from it.

If we overcome boundaries, the world will become a better place. Social, cultural, educational and family boundaries are quite ignorant; if we break them well be more tolerant and understanding of others. All of these boundaries are featured in the novel 'Looking For Alibrandi? through this book we learn about the outcomes of surpassing boundaries, how they affect us personally, and how they affect those around us.

Please note that this sample paper on looks is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on looks, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on looks will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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