Cloning

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Concerning Cloning Humans

The ethics of human cloning has become a great issue in the past few years. The advocates for both sides of the issue have many reasons to clone or not to clone. This is paper is an attempt to explore the pros and cons of human cloning and to provide enough information of both sides of the arguments in order for the reader to make their own informed decision on whether human cloning is ethical or not. Cloning will first be defined. Then a brief explanation of why questions concerning cloning humans have arisen will be presented. Followed by that, a discussion of the facts and opinions that are for and against cloning will be presented.

Defining Human Cloning

When speaking of human cloning, what is meant? Different groups and organizations define it differently. To use a specific definition, the American Medical Association (AMA) defined cloning as the production of genetically identical organisms using somatic cell nuclear transfer". Somatic cell nuclear transfer refers to the transferring of genetic material from the nucleus of a donor adult cell to an egg whose nucleus, and thus its genetic material, has been removed. The reconstructed egg containing the DNA from a donor cell must be treated with chemicals or electric current in order to stimulate cell division. Once the cloned embryo reaches a suitable stage, it is transferred to the uterus of a female host where it continues to develop until birth.

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One must understand that cloning does not produce an exact copy of the person being cloned. What cloning does, is that it copies the DNA/genes of the person and creates a duplicate genetically. The person will not be a Xerox copy. He or she will grow up in a different environment than the clone, with different experiences and different opportunities. Genetics does not wholly define a person and the personality.

How It All Started

In February 17, when embryologist Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at Roslin Institute in Scotland were able to clone a lamb, named Dolly, the world was introduced to a new possibility and will never be the same again. Before this, cloning was thought to be impossible, but now there is living proof that the technology and knowledge to clone animals exist. Questions began to arise within governments and scientific organizations and they began to respond. Are humans next? Is it possible to use this procedure to clone humans also? Would anyone actually try? What can we learn if we clone humans? How will this affect the world? These are only a few of the questions that have surfaced and need answered. A whole new concept in ethics was created when the birth of Dolly was announced.

There are a great number of possible medical benefits and disadvantages to cloning and its technology. They include the following

Potential Medical Benefits

üThe possibility that through cloning technology we will learn to renew activity of damaged cells by growing new cells and replacing them.

üThe capability to create humans with identical genetic makeup to act as organ donors for each other, i.e., kidney and bone marrow transplants.

üSterile couples will be able to have offspring will have either the mothers or fathers genetic pattern.

Potential Harms and Disadvantages

üThe possibility of compromising individualities.

üLoss of genetic variation.

üA black market of fetuses may arise from desirable donors that will want to be able to clone themselves, i.e., movie stars, athletes, and others.

üTechnology is not well developed. It has a low fertility rate. In cloning Dolly, 77 eggs were used, 0 started to divide, nine induced pregnancy, and only one survived to term.

üClones may be treated as second-class citizens.

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