ALS - Amnyotrophic Lateral Schlerosis

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ALS is actually Amnyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, but it is commonly known as Lou Gehrigs Disease. It comes from greek words meaning A-without; Myo-muscle; Trophic-nourishment; Lateral-side (of the spinal cord); and Sclerosis-hardening or scarring. This disease is a rare ailment where the bodys neurons die, causing the muscles in your body to waste away and become paralyzed. ALS is not contagious, however at least 10% of ALS cases are hereditary. 0,000 Americans face the grim prospect of spending their final days feeling virtually buried alive as they go through the terrible effects of ALS. This disease was named after a Yankee slugger who died at age 6 in 141 from this disease. Lou Gehrig was a famous baseball player in the US during the 10s. He became afflicted with ALS at age 6, just years after being diagnosed. Tony Cortinas is an ALS patient. He was diagnosed with ALS in 17 and since then has lost the use of his arms and hands and, at 54, is showing signs of advanced ALS respiratory problems, frequent choking, nearly unintelligible speech. This disease does not just affect a single person, it affects everybody in that persons life.

ALS attacks nerve cells in the brain as well as the spinal cord, which controls muscle movement. The motor neurons shut down and die; victims lose more and more of their ability to move. It affects speech and swallowing when the disease involves the corticobulbar area of the brainstem. Death of this disease comes when the chest muscles can no longer force air in and out of the respiratory tract or when food becomes stuck in the lungs, causing aspiration pneumonia, which usually comes -5 years after the disease is diagnosed.

Some of the first signs of ALS are in the inability to do simple tasks, such as turn a door knob or button a shirt. Other early symptoms including tripping, dropping things, abnormal fatigue of the arms and/or legs, slurred speech, muscle cramps and twitches and uncontrollable periods of laughing or crying. The hands and feet may be affected first, causing difficulty in walking or using the hands for the activities of daily living such as dressing, washing and buttoning clothes. The condition starts on one side of the body, then moves to the other side. Your muscles begin to degenerate, and the person loses weight. Soon they lose their ability to swallow or sometimes even to breath. Because the disease frequently takes it toll before being positively diagnosed, many patients are debilitated before learning that they have ALS. ALS does not affect the mind. Mental acuity remains sharp. In most cases, even when the patient is totally paralyzed, the mind functions normally. The mind remains alert, but they are trapped in a withering body.

There is no cure for ALS, but there are treatments for controlling symptoms. One drug is rilazole, which has been shown to prolong survival of ALS patients. Antipasmodic drugs, such as diazepam, are available as are drugs to help patients that have problems with swallowing. When your muscles fail to receive messages, they weaken, atrophy, and die. It affects about 7 to 8 people out of every 100,000. According to the United States National Institute of Health, some 5,000 people in the US are newly diagnosed with ALS each year (thats 1 a day!). Anyone at any age can get ALS; however most who develop ALS are somewhere between the ages of 40 and 70. There are though; however, cases of the disease attacking persons in their twenties and thirties. It was once believed men developed ALS more frequently than women. 0% of ALS cases are people with no family history of this disease. ALS is almost always fatal. There are rare cases where the disease progression plateaus or stops. There are few cases of people reporting a reversal of symptoms. Write my Essay on ALS - Amnyotrophic Lateral Schlerosis cheap

ALS was first discovered in scientific literature in 186 by the French Neurologist, Jean-Martin Charcot. ALS and Lou Gehrigs Disease are not the only names for this disease. Some other names are MND, Motor Neuron Disease known by the England. The French refer to ALS as Maladie de Charcot. People with ALS usually die within 18 months after diagnosis. Only about 0% survive 5 years, and 10% live longer than 10 years.The cause of ALS is unknown. Researchers know that an excess of a neurotransmitter called glutamate clogs the synapse of the nerve cell preventing transmission of neural impulses. Some of the effects of ALS may be painful. Common pains include pressure sores, muscle cramps, joint contractures, constipation, burning eyes, swelling feet, and muscle aches. ALS is diagnosed through a process of elimination and may take weeks or months to diagnose. Diagnostic tests include MRI, EMG, muscle biopsy and blood tests. There are three different types of ALS. The most common type is called sporadic ALS. This one accounts for 0% of ALS cases. Familial ALS is hereditary, which is passed on by a dominant gene. In familial ALS the disease is autonomic dominant, meaning that if a parent has ALS, their children have a 50% chance of inheriting the defective gene. The third type of ALS is called Guamian and is related to the high incidence of ALS on the island of Guam. ALS does affect your speech when the disease involves the corticabulbar area of the brainstem.

ALS is a very expensive disease. Medication, such as Rilutek can cost as much as $700.00 per month. Also, adaptive equipment is usually necessary, such as a power wheelchair, costing as much as $17,000. When a patient goes on a ventilator, skilled nursing care can cost in excess of $50,000 a year. Insurance companies, Medicaid and Medicare may pay some of the expenses for the patient.

REFERENCE PAGE

ALS (Lou Gehrigs Disease) Information Page

http//www.mindspring.com/~jmcmullin/als.html

The Eshlem Family. ALS Survival Guide. 00.

http//www.lougehrigsdisease.net/asl_what_is_als.htm

Wagman, Richard J. "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis" The New Complete Medical and Health Encyclopedia. 00. -.

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Tora! Tora!Tora!

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"Tora! Tora! Tora!" is a movie about the bombing of Pearl Harbor. It documents the activities of the U.S. and Japanese governments leading up to December 7, 141. The U.S. does not want Japan to sign the Tri-Partite Pact making them the third member of the Axis Alliance with Italy and Germany. U.S. Naval Intelligence develops a device to intercept and decode messages sent between Tokyo and all Japanese embassies. Even with this device they dont see the attack on Pearl Harbor coming. U.S. commanders believe Pearl Harbor is too shallow to be attacked by torpedo planes. Shortly after four in the morning on December 7, 141 American sailors spot a Japanese submarine just off the harbor entrance. Then, radar picks up the incoming Japanese planes, only to be interpreted as B-17s coming from the mainland. The planes made it undetected and the attack commenced at 800 a.m. Sunday, December 7, 141. After the attack, Commander-in-Chief Vice Admiral Yamamoto says, "I fear all we have done is waken a sleeping giant."

The facts in the movie were consistent with what I have acquired elsewhere. All of the names, places, and times were accurate. One thing I had never heard before was the U.S. military being portrayed as incompetent. The movie insinuates the U.S. government suspected this was going to happen and did nothing. Whether President Roosevelt used the attack as a tool to drag the U.S. into the war is controversial. This idea is not the popular one among historians.

The movie includes many more details than the book Nations of Nations. The book doesnt say anything about the Japanese Ambassador meeting with the Secretary of State. Nor does it mention the amount of time the Japanese spent in preparation. One major discrepancy I noticed was related to the letter delivered to the Secretary of State. In the movie, the letter from the Japanese clearly said they were going to attack. But, in the book For the Record President Roosevelt says, "It contained no hint of war or armed attack." Personally, I am more inclined to believe the movie because there is no need for propaganda on this issue after the war. I believe Roosevelt made this statement to depict the Japanese as cowardly, and unable to be trusted.

As far as historical contributions to the film, none were listed. The only people who were credited in the film were the actors. One really doesnt know where the producers got their information, yet, at the beginning of the film it states the information is true. Even so, it leaves one with a sense of doubt. They do not say where they obtained the facts. I was skeptical until I concluded my own research, revealing it to be a factual narrative.

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Even though no historians were mentioned, I believe it is a factual movie. Even www.teachwithmovies.org uses this movie to teach the history of Pearl Harbor. And, movie critic James Berardinelli has a post on movie-reviews.colossus.net, which says, "Tora! Tora! Tora! is meticulous in its approach to dissecting the situation leading up to the December 7, 141 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor." "Tora! Tora! Tora! elects to be even-handed, presenting both the Japanese and American sides of the story, and doing so without resorting to caricatures or cheap shots. The Japanese are not faceless bad guys, nor are the Americans presented as innocent, blameless victims."

Hollywood should be held accountable for telling the truth when dealing with historical events. It is not fair to viewers to be told half-truths which are passed off as being the whole truth. In the movie Tora! Tora! Tora! the producers dont say it is based on a true story, they say it is true. Meaning, it is basically a documentary played with actors. The producers also did a wonderful job of portraying U.S. enemies as they truly are. They recognized my right to know what truly happened. I think the reason Hollywood doesnt always portray the enemy as they truly are, is because Americans want to see themselves as the hero (the one who is always doing the "right" thing). If the enemies were portrayed as being the hero, Americans wouldnt feel good about the message of the movie and consequently ticket sales would not do very well. Hollywood is in it for the money and will do what it takes to sell movies, even if that means telling false truths. However, this movie did a fine job of portraying the truth.

Hollywood owes it to the individual, the family, and the friends to accurately describe people depicted in movies. I wouldnt want someone creating a movie of my life and making false statements. Even if they say it is "based" on a true story, is the viewer expected to discern the facts from the fiction? Living relatives of the people portrayed in Tora! Tora! Tora! should be pleased with the way the producers accurately told the story. Nothing was exaggerated or changed in order to make the plot more interesting at the expense of a characters morality.

There was not any bias towards either side. The movie merely shows it the way it was. In some ways the Japanese Commander-in-Chief was glorified, but only by his own people. His last statement, "I fear all we have done is waken a sleeping giant," shows he fears he might have done the wrong thing. He was justly glorified in doing what was the good for his people. Admiral Kimme, Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, appeared to be vilified. His alleged lack of foresight caused the fleets defeat. If anyone should receive the blame it should be his superiors, possibly even the President. Admiral Kimme was just following orders.

This movie greatly increased my understanding and knowledge of the attack on Pearl Harbor. I never knew the U.S. had radar they didnt fully know how to use and interpret. I learned that the Japanese were only acting on behalf their country in which they believed in. Any American would have done the same. The U.S. has been bombing Iraq recently for the same reasons, "our belief in our country and way of life." For this reason, the U.S. is not so different today; from the way the Japanese were in 141. The only data I feel the need to investigate further are the details of the letter sent to the Secretary of State by the Japanese.

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The Burning House, by Anne Beattie

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The Burning House, written by Ann Beattie, centers around a narrator, Amy, her relationship with her husband, Frank, and to a lesser degree Amys interactions with and insights to Franks half brother, Fred, along with two of their closest friends, JD and Tucker. Amy and Frank are having a dinner party with Freddy, Tucker and JD as guests. They are all frequent visitors. As the dinner party progresses, it becomes apparent that there is tension or at least something not quite right between Frank and Amy as they do not interact much. A conversation between Amy and Freddy later reveals that Frank is having an affair and Amy is aware of it. Not too much later, a telephone call discloses that Amy is also having an affair. It is not clear which affair began first or if one affair is the result of the pain caused by the first? Neither person shows great pain from the knowledge of their spouses affair. Neither does either one of them show remorse. Amy does however make note that she knows the little things and personal things about her husband and friends; however, she has known the for years, "and as time goes by I know them all less and less." In the end, Amy asks Frank if he is going to stay or leave and he replies that he is leaving.

Critical Response

The story is about how we change over time, being close to someone and yet not knowing them, deceptions, and aspiring for fulfillment and happiness. Freddy is watching the full moon at the beginning of the story. Later, he mentions that everyone should take a walk out by the lighthouse after dinner and watch the moon. I believe that Ann Beattie is using the moon as a metaphoric foreshadowing of Amys realization that she and the people around her, along with her marriage, changes over time. Similarly, the moon constantly changes. Nearing the end of the story, Amy describes the glass prisms, which hang in their bedroom and catch the morning light. Prisms cause light to bend and dance in beautiful colors, moving and changing as the lighting changes through the day, just as people change through their days. Amy herself has gone through changes in her life over the years. She had been a full time mother until her son, Mark, went to school. Following that she went back to school herself to obtain her MA in art.

It is quite plausible that Amy does not know the people in her home any longer because they have all been changing over time. Amy realizes that she has, "known everybody in the house for years, and as time goes by I know them all less and less" p. 4, line 148. And then she comes to further realization that, "all those moments, and all they meant was that I was fooled into thinking I knew these people because I knew the small things, the personal things" p 50, line 147. Conversely, Amys husband Frank further explains to her that although she has surrounded herself with men, she does not understand them at all. He states, " You know what we feel inside that you dont feel? That were going to the stars." p 5, line 16. Furthermore, if people are being deceptive to one another, then they are bound to become more and more like strangers, knowing each other less and less.Custom writing service can write essays on The Burning House, by Anne Beattie

Amy and Frank are being deceptive to each other in their adultery. Even the family friend, JD is deceptive through his conspiring with Amy in her affair with Johnny. It is interesting to note that JD first appeared at the house wearing a goats head mask, symbolic of all of the deception in the story. Foreshadowing earlier, Tucker had told a story of one of his clients living a deceptive, hidden homosexual life.

Amy and Frank are searching for happiness and fulfillment partially through their affairs. While lying in bed with Amy, Frank explains that, "men think theyre Spider-Man and Buck Rogers and Superman" that all men feel inside "That were going to the stars" p 5, line168. Frank is leaving Amy and his marriage in to acquire happiness, or as he says to reach the stars. When he confirms his decision to leave, he tells Amy that he has found, or acquired happiness, as he is looking down from space.

Frank was very clever in his dialogue when he let Amy know that he was aware of her affair. He let her know that although she may be uncomfortable in her home, it could be worse. She could be living in the midst of violent and turbulent storms. As it is, I believe that their house is just smoldering around them, burning down slow enough for them to escape. Or, it is less likely; he could be insinuating that if she were in Key West with her lover, there would be violent storms. He also mentions that a travel agent recommended panning for gold in Peru. He is suggesting here that he is going to go and mine his treasure and happiness, and he may be suggesting that she should do the same.

Personal Response

The story is like a spider web, what a tangled web we weave. Amy and Franks affairs are affecting not only themselves, the people they are having an affair with, but also their son Mark, brother Freddie and their friends. Amy is aware of the effects her troubled marriage is having on her son. She mentions the thumb sucking and climbing into the parents bed every morning. While it is uncertain whether Freddie is aware of Amys affair, he expresses his displeasure at his brothers affair. Of course it is true in any family, whatever one person does, right or wrong, it will affect all of the others either positively or adversely. I also agree with the theme in the story about people always changing and that even when we live with someone, we still may not know them. Anyone living with a teen will especially know this to be true unless you tie the teen down and force them to allow you to spend time with them, talk to them and work at the relationship.

I enjoyed the story even though I found it depressing. I prefer the happy ending, which the title foreshadows there not to be. As Freddie says, it is a wicked fairytale ending with hearts breaking and houses burning.

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Cats Cradles and Camomile Tea

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Anna Maria Dell?oso is very successful in achieving her aims in the text ?Exams Fail the Test.? Anna Maria Dell?oso uses a variety of language techniques, such as similes, metaphors and hyperbole, precisely timed humour, in the form of puns, satire and sarcasm, as well as introducing her own personal experiences with the examination system, to achieve her aims to discredit the examination system, and educate people that exams results are probably not an accurate indication of a persons knowledge, and skills.

There is a strong use of similes throughout the text ?Exams Fail the Test,? which helps Anna Maria Dell?oso achieve her aims by making the text more entertaining for the reader, which in turn will encourage them to continue reading. The use of similes also helps Dell?oso achieve her aims by providing the reader with an example which they can relate to, which will allow them to better understand the message she is trying to convey. A good example of the use of a simile is found on the last page of the text ? ?The university was filled with such shady intellectual gamblers playing the pass fail system like a pinball machine, knowing a tilt and a bash would score.?

Anna Maria Dell?oso also uses metaphors extensively throughout her article ?exams Fail the Test.? She uses metaphors in much the same way as similes, although much more often, they are used to keep the article entertaining, and also to help create meaning. Dell?oso also uses extended metaphors, which are up to a few paragraphs long, to put forward her view that examinations are nothing more than a gamble. She does this very effectively on the second page in which she describes the HSC as some kind of annual ritual, and compares their accuracy to that of a tea-leaf reader, she suggests they are a lottery or a gamble, and relates the HSC to the Aborigine initiation ceremonies, - ?They are to education what a tea-leaf reader is to the future, a gamble, a guess, a sniff in the wind.? Anna Maria Dell?oso also suggests, through the use of metaphors that the HSC is a painful experience that young people should not have to face. This extensive use of metaphors, particularly on the second page of the text, is very effective, making the article very interesting and entertaining, while also helping Dell?oso convince the reader that exams are nothing more than a guess or a gamble.

Hyperbole is another very successful writing technique Anna Maria Dell?oso has used to achieve her aims in the article ?Exams Fail the Test.? Dell?oso uses hyperbole in the opening paragraph of the article to ?suck the reader in,? she uses hyperbole to make it very entertaining, which will encourage them to read the whole article. She makes the first paragraph very dramatic, even though the only thing that happens is a few school children get on the bus, - ?When I see the flashes of crimson I feel overwhelmed, almost claustrophobic. I scramble for the window and take in huge gulps of petroleum air.? Write my Essay on Cats Cradles and Camomile Tea cheap

Anna Maria Dell?oso has also used humour, in the form of puns, satire and sarcasm, to keep the article entertaining for the reader. The humour which Anna Maria Dell?oso uses is very subtle, but is witty and precisely executed. The humour keeps the article entertaining, which is an extremely important factor when a piece is written for the general public, if the text isn?t entertaining, the reader will become bored, and will probably discontinue reading, and a such the composers aims will probably not be achieved. However the humour is kept to a low level so that the reader takes the article seriously and Dell?oso?s aims are achieved. An example of this subtle humour can be found in the title of the article ?Exams Fail the Test.?

Anna Maria Dell?oso also uses her own, past experiences as examples of why examinations aren?t an accurate indication of someone?s abilities. The inclusion of personal experiences in the article ?Exams Fail the Test? helps her present her case because it shows she has an understanding of what she is discussing, which makes the reader more likely to believe what she is saying. The use of her own past experiences of examinations also helps her achieve her aims as they are experiences that are probably shared by a lot of the audience, so they can empathise with her. A good example of her use of person experience is found on page of the text ?In the final open-book English examination, I wrote a high-point scoring assay on Albee?s Who?s Afraid of Virginia Wolf ? a play which to this day have never seen or read.? This is an excellent example of why exams are not a good way of testing someone?s knowledge or abilities; she wrote a high-points scoring essay on a play she had never seen or read, which proves that people can ?play? the examination system and win. The inclusion of her own experiences also helps to highlight the anguish associated with the HSC, - ?Instead of initiating young people by scars and legends, our society has evolved the HCS, with its tears, competitiveness, its late-night coffee drinking, note-cribbing uppers and downers? the day after my last HSC exam I collapsed into bed unable to recall even what subjects I had taken.? Anna Maria Dell?oso?s use of her own experiences with exams is very effective in helping her achieve her aims to discredit the examination system.

Through the use of language techniques, such as similes, metaphors, hyperbole, the use of well timed subtle humour, in the form of puns, satire and sarcasm and the inclusion of her own experiences with the examination system, Anna Maria Dell?oso is very successful in achieving her aims, to prove to people that examination results are not the be-all-and-end-all of someone?s skills and knowledge, due to the fact that some people, even if they are very capable, just don?t perform well in exams, and others, who may not be as capable, but are able to cram information into their heads the day before an exam, can get excellent, but very undeserved results.

Please note that this sample paper on Cats Cradles and Camomile Tea is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Cats Cradles and Camomile Tea, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Cats Cradles and Camomile Tea will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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ANZAC day

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on ANZAC day. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality ANZAC day paper right on time.

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Describe the information system and its purpose

This information systems purpose is to provide users with access to information on a number of investment properties that they own, information such as amount bought for, property value, location, description, rental price, water bills, electricity bills, and any other special payments including damages and insurance.

„h Explain how the information system meets a need

This information system meets a need by providing users to access information on their investment properties and allows owners to keep track of rent, payments to be made and compare properties, in terms of their value, and ultimately if the property is worth keeping.

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„h Explain the reasons why the information system has not used the information technology available rather than remained paper based.

There are many reasons why the information has remained paper based; one of these is that the owners of the information system did not feel a need to convert the paper based system into a computerised version as their paper based system had proved effective for them for many years. They also did not have the skills required to create the information system themselves eg for creating a relational database. There only option they had was to pay someone to convert the paper based system into a computerised version, but they did not feel that the cost of this would justify the outcomes.

„h Discuss the information processes and the participants within the given system

Collecting ¡V is the information process where; what data needs to be collected is decided, where the data is located and how it is to be collected. Data is collected from the rental property owners (participants). Data includes Income & Expenses, items under these fields include; Rental income, Advertising for tenants, pest control, interest on loans, water charges, insurance, property agent fees, land tax, legal fees, cleaning, repairs & maintenance. This data is collected through the use of hardware that are specifically designed to enter data into a computer system, these are known as input devices, ones that would be used in this case would include keyboard and mouse.

Organising ¡V is the process that arranges, represents and formats data for use by other information processes. The data collected is organised by dividing it into two tables; Income & Expenses.

Analysing ¡V Analysing is the process of taking data and turning it into information, giving the data meaning, this is done by looking at the data for any patterns or relationships. Analysing involves searching. In the given system all records have to be manually searched before users can find any information in the database. This can be used to compare related information eg; Income & Expenses, Electricity used in one house compared to another. This can ultimately help the user decide wether the house is worth keeping or not.

Storing/Retrieving ¡V involves a two-step process that retains data. Storing is the process of saving data/information and retrieving is the process of accessing previously stored data. In the given system all data is recorded onto sheets of paper (by the user), which is then stored in a physical folder. Data is retrieved by physically taking the folder out of the filing cabinet and manually searching through the records until the relevant information is found.

Processing ¡V is the manipulation of data by editing or updating it. In the given system data is edited or updated by filling out another record sheet and adding it to the folder with previous records.

Transmitting/Receiving ¡V is the transfer of data within the given system and between other systems. Data from the bills from the water, electricity company and from the tenants are all transferred from there system and recorded into the given system.

Displaying ¡V is the process of presenting the output from an information. In the given system information is presented to the user on paper and displayed in two separate lists; income and expenses.

„h Outline the existing system via a dataflow diagram

„h Explain the way in which the existing system can be improved

When collecting information in the existing system nonsensical data can be recorded, or necessary data can be left out. By computerising the system data can be validated (checked) to make sure the field is not left blank or the data makes sense for the particular field.

When organising the existing system divides the collected data into two lists. To improve this data can be organised into related tables under a relational database and stored this way. This will make it easier to search for information that meets one or more conditions.

Computerising will also make it easier to update and edited and changes can be quickly and easily made and stored.

Also the new system will not take up much physical space as each record does not have to filled but stored on the computer.

Overall a good way to improve the existing system would be to computerise it by building a relational database. This will make it faster and more efficient especially when searching.

„h Discuss the Technology required to improve the current system?

Technology required to improve the current system includes hardware and software.

Hardware such as inputs devices (keyboard and mouse) are essential to improve the current system by making it computerised, as these devices collect the data required for the database.

Large amounts of storage are also needed to receive and retain data over a period of time, large amounts of storage will result in faster processing which will improve efficiency of the system.

A secondary non-volatile storage device will be needed in order to keep a backup in case any goes wrong. A floppy disk can be used and can be regularly updated to keep the lastest copy of the system.

Software needs to include a program that will organise the data into relational tables. Access is an appropriate program that is readily available and will efficiently organsie data into a relational database and has the ability to search.

Please note that this sample paper on ANZAC day is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on ANZAC day, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on ANZAC day will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Be Blameless and Pursue Spiritual Goals Just as Jacob Did!

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In the world around us, we can see that as we progress through time, crime, violence, wars, abuse, drugs, and many more negative things are sadly increasing. But how can we improve this world today? Well, first of all, we need to look at ourselves. Are we involved in the list above, or do we think only of ourselves, as most of the world does? Lets examine two twins that were complete opposites. One was self-centered and selfish, and the other one was blameless and pursued spiritual goals. We will also be looking at the birthright and the blessing (from their father.)

Jacob, one of the twins, was very concerned with the family household, unlike his older twin brother Esau. Even though both brothers were very large and powerful men, Jacob didnt make a show of his strength and abilities like his brother did. Jacob valued the covenant that was promised to his grandfather Abraham, and he strived to learn as much as he could about this promise. Lets look at the Bible to see what Jacob and Esau thought about the birthright.

Esau became a man knowing how to hunt, a man of the field, but Jacob a blameless man, dwelling in tents. 8 And Isaac had love for Esau, because it meant game in his mouth, whereas Re•bekah was a lover of Jacob. Once Jacob was boiling up some stew, when Esau came along from the field and he was tired. 0 So Esau said to Jacob Quick, please, give me a swallow of the red-the red there, for I am tired! That is why his name was called Edom. 1 To this Jacob said Sell me, first of all, your right as firstborn! And Esau continued Here I am simply going to die, and of what benefit to me is a birthright? .... And he proceeded to swear to him and to sell his right as firstborn to Jacob. 4 And Jacob gave Esau bread and lentil stew.... So Esau despised the birthright. (Genesis 5.7-4)

Jacob wasnt the firstborn son, but he highly appreciated Gods promise to Abraham and kept the birthright in high regards. He discerned that his brother thought only of himself and despised the birthright. So Jacob took advantage of this situation and convinced Esau to sell his birthright to him. (Genesis 5 7-4) To Jacob, material advantages didnt compare to the precious privileges and responsibilities that would be passed on from the heir to Isaac. He was not after immediate benefits like his brother was, but he wanted the Promised Seed (Jesus Christ) to come through his lineage. Jacob showed his deep appreciation for all the protective care and blessings that God had given him through all his times of trouble by his voluntarily vowing one-tenth of his income regularly for the service of true worship. Help with essay on Be Blameless and Pursue Spiritual Goals Just as Jacob Did!

Jacob also had to get his fathers blessings in order to have the Promised Seed come through his lineage. So, as the Bible shows us, his mother told him to dress up in animal skins so that their father (Isaac) would think that he was Esau. Isaac favored Esau, because he was a hunter, and he provided food for the family. But Jacob was loved by his mother, Rebekah, because he led a quiet pastoral life and was dependable to look after domestic affairs. Apparently Isaac had really bad vision. Lets read of this account in the Bible.

1 And Jacob went on to say to his father I am Esau your firstborn.... Sit down and eat some of my game, in order that your soul may bless me. And he did not recognize him, because his hands proved to be hairy like the hands of Esau his brother. Hence he blessed him. 7 So he came near and kissed him, and he could smell the scent of his garments. And he proceeded to bless him and to say See, the scent of my son is like the scent of the field which Jehovah has blessed. 8 And may the [true] God give you the dews of the heavens and the fertile soils of the earth and an abundance of grain and new wine. Let peoples serve you and let national groups bow low to you. Become master over your brothers, and let the sons of your mother bow low to you...." (Gen. 71, , and then 7-).

As we can see Jacob not only had the birthright this time, but he also had his fathers blessings. But what ever happened to Esua? The New York Times newspaper tells us that Esua became the father of Edom, a nation that Saul waged war against, and David conquered (pg. C1 & C7). So, being blameless means not only being faithful, but also striving to do what is good in Gods eyes. Lets look at a final scripture that not only applied to Jacob but can also be applied to us today.

So never be anxious and say, What are we to eat? or, What are we to drink? or, What are we to put on? For all these are the things the nations are eagerly pursuing. For YOUR heavenly Father knows YOU need all these things. Keep on, then, seeking first the kingdom and his righteousness, and all these [other] things will be added to YOU. (Matthew 61-).

Esua is like those many people in the world today who think only of themselves and the present benefits like fleshly desires, but they despise sacred things. Jacob is just like those who appreciate Gods things and always strive to get the spiritual blessings, by blamelessly pursuing spiritual goals. So from this information, we can see that by following Jacobs example in pursuing spiritual goals first, God will provide the necessary things that we need to survive. Jacob wanted the spiritual inheritance instead of material advantages. So wouldnt it be wise if all of us today diligently studied Gods word the bible, and obeyed his laws and principals found in it just as his faithful servant Jacob did, by being blameless and pursuing spiritual goals first? Yes, it definitely would make it a better world, if everyone strived to be more like Jacob, and less like Esua.

THE BIBLE

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Information TechnologyDesign Project Report

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My design proposal was for an animated story. The story was about a man who went up a set of stairs and down the other side of the stairs, on a sunny day. Before he went up the stairs, a car went past the stairs.

It took me a while to think of this story, because I couldnt decide what to do in the beginning. Then when I thought about the different procedures I could do, it didnt take long for the idea to come. I ended up using more space than was provided on the design sheet, because I wanted to have my characters off the screen at the beginning of the story. I had to add an extra sheet of paper to the original design sheet, to show where my characters would start. The design for this program needed a design sheet that showed a grid from -100 to 000 pixels, which I made by attaching the extra sheet of paper.

One problem I encountered while making my program was that the lines I used to make the person werent in the right place. For example, linArm was longer on one side and shorter on the other side. I fixed this problem by re reading the code I had written and experimenting with coordinates for the X1 and X values, and adjusting each of them accordingly.

Another problem I came across was that I didnt like the limited range of VB and QB colours that were available to use. I tried to find some colours that I liked within the VB and QB range, but none of them worked with the staircase and background, etc. I resolved this problem by consulting my previous notes. I remembered that to get different colours, you could type RGB(red, green, blue as integers) in place of vbWhite or QBColor(7) for example. I found the colours I wanted to use using the program "Paint", and then typed in the numbers accordingly on my program.

Many times during the making of this program, things did not appear as I had planned. On my design sheet, everything was placed how I wanted it to be, but when I positioned them on Visual Basic, they did not appear the same on the screen as in my design. Sometimes the objects that were meant to be off screen were still a little bit visible on the side of the screen, and sometimes the shapes did not fit together to make the character I wanted (for example, the lines that made the persons body were in the wrong positions). Thus I changed my coordinates for the objects that were in the wrong place, and I also changed the designs on the design sheet accordingly. I also changed the colours several times, because I was not happy with the way the objects looked.

Originally, my design did not include shpGround, shpRoad, shpSun or the clouds. The original design was just to have the car drive past the stairs, then have the man walk up and down the stairs and off the screen. After I had made a program that fulfilled this design, the screen seemed a little bit bare, so I decided to add shpGround, to give the stairs a base, and shpRoad, so the car would have something to drive on. I also added shpSun and the clouds to add a bit more movement to the story, and to fill up the top area of the form.

I used ZOrder quite a bit in my program, mainly to fix up the background (for example, to make shpGround appear behind shpStair1). Originally I did not include ZOrder in my design, but after testing my improved design (which was the original design, after adding shpGround, shpRoad, etc) on Visual Basic, shpGround and shpRoad were overlapping, and the car looked like it drove behind the road instead of on the road. Thus, I added ZOrder to both shpGround and shpRoad, to improve the appearance of my program.

Probably the greatest difficulty I encountered while making my program was the animating. Making the person move in the first place was a bit of a challenge, because I wasnt sure whether to increase or decrease the X or Y values. I resolved this problem by experimenting, using both the X and Y values an observing the results, then adjusting my coding accordingly.

Getting the person to stop where I wanted it to was also a bit of a challenge, because I wasnt sure how to make the person stop at the stairs and then start climbing them. I sat and thought about this for a while, then started looking at my code. At first I only experimented with the number of pixels I wanted to move the characters (e.g., linLeg.X = linLeg.X + 10 or +15 or +0, etc), but that made no difference. Then I realised that to change the position where I wanted my character to stop, I would have to adjust the For kount = 1 To 80. I changed the numbers accordingly, and experimented with different numbers to replace the '80. I soon was able to guess quite accurately what number I would have to put in to make my character stop at the appropriate places.

After that, it was just a matter of typing in all the instructions that I wanted the characters to do, and putting them in order, so the computer could animate them. The other problem I encountered while animating was how to make the objects move up, down, left and right. I knew how to do it, but sometimes it got a bit confusing and I typed the wrong code. I fixed this problem by re reading my code and finding my mistakes, then correcting them and playing my program again, to see if it worked. Another confusing part was putting all of the sub-procedures in the right order, to make the animation work. The first few times I tried it, some parts were not in the right place, so the animation did not work. I overcame this problem by separating all of the sub-procedure names that were under the cmd_Start_Click( ) sub. This made it a little easier to see what each sub-procedure was called, and I didnt get as confused. I was then able to put all of the sub-procedures in the correct order.

Overall, I enjoyed doing this project. Getting to design and create my own program was challenging and interesting, and I have learnt a lot.

Please note that this sample paper on Information TechnologyDesign Project Report is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Information TechnologyDesign Project Report, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Information TechnologyDesign Project Report will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Norbert Rillieux

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Norbert Rillieux (1806 - 184)

Norbert Rillieux was born a free man in New Orleans, Louisiana on March 7, 1806 to Constance Vivant a slave on the plantation of his father Vincent Rillieux. He was adopted by his father ad given his name when he was baptized in St. Louis Cathedral by Pere Antoine. Rillieuxs intelligence was noted at an early age by his father who decided he would send Norbert to school. Since the law (The Black Codes) stated that white people would not allow Blacks to be educated in America Norberts father sent him to France. He studied engineering at LEcole Centrale in Paris. Norbert excelled over his French classmates and at the young age of 4 he was appointed engineering teacher at the school upon his graduation. He was the youngest professor at the school for that time. He contributed many papers on steam technology to engineering journals.

When Norbert was young and still on his fathers plantation he would watch gangs of men laboriously ladle sugar cane juice from one kettle to another. Sugar cane had become a dominant crop in Louisiana, but the sugar refining process employed at that time was extremely dangerous and very inefficient. Known as the Jamaica Train, the process called for sugar cane to be boiled in huge open kettles and then strained to allow the juice to be separated from the cane. The juice was then evaporated by boiling it at an extreme temperature resulting in granules being left behind in the form of sugar. The danger stemmed from the fact that the workers were forced to transport boiling juice from one

kettle to another using long handled ladles, chancing the possibility of suffering severe burns. It was also a very costly process considering the large amount of fuel needed to heat the various kettles. Cheap College Papers on Norbert Rillieux

He began working on a process to better refine sugar. He utilized the physics he had learned and invented the first practical multiple effect vacuum evaporator. This machine used an improved process to remove water from sugar cane. Rillieuxs multiple effect vacuum evaporator patented in 184 utilized a number of physical principles to increase the efficiency of sugar refining. The cane juice was heated in enclosed vacuum pans. The existence of a partial vacuum reduced the boiling point of the liquid with a consequent improvement in fuel economy. Pipes led the steam and heated juice from one pan to another in such a way that the steam could be utilized for further heating, thereby achieving greater fuel efficiency. The results of this invention were several fold. Because the liquid could be boiled at lower temperatures, less fuel was needed. The process was so efficient that it cut back significantly on labor. The remaining sugar that was produced, in much higher quantities was of better quality that the Jamaica train method. Since the evaporator produced much more sugar at a much cheaper cost, the demand for sugar sky rocketed the demand for field slaves on sugar plantations increased.

Such slaves were selling for as much as $5000 in the 1850s which increased the economic incentive to defend slavery. In 1846 Rellieux petitioned for and was granted his second

and final patent for his new and improved sugar producing machine.

Following the success of the evaporator he turned his attentions to developing a sewage disposal system for New Orleans. Sewage disposal was a problem in early New

Orleans. Rillieux submitted his plans to the New Orleans Authorities but they were turned down for racial reasons. By this time New Orleans had become part of the United States and racial tensions had increased to unbearable levels Rillieux put up with numerous growing restrictions and indignities. In 1854 a new law was passed that required all free Black citizens to carry a pass and get permission to enter town. This indignity he could not submit to and he went back to France where he resumed his teachings at LEcole Centrale. Within a very short time he was appointed the headmaster of the school.

While in Paris, Norbert lost all interest in the sugar refining process and turned his attentions to Egyptology and made significant contributions to the deciphering of

hieroglyphics. He continued an active career until his death. Rillieux died in 185 at the age of 88 of what can best be described as a broken heart due to the French government disallowing his attempt to patent an upgraded version of his evaporator four years earlier.

He was buried in a vault in the churchyard Pere La Chaise. It is known from the headstone that Norbert married Emily Cuckow a woman 1 years younger than he. Little

is known about her other than she lived in very comfortable means until her death in 11.

The most depressing aspects of Norbert Rillieuxs life continue to come many years after his death. He is credited with creating the system of refining such products as sugar, condensed milk, soaps, gelatin, and glue yet he is forgotten in places like the New York Public Library, encyclopedias, and The Dictionary of American Biography. Most writer who have devoted themselves to the study of Negro life and Negro history afford him very little or no space.

References

Author Unknown. Distillation/Condensation Techniques

Multiple Effect Evaporation Units - A Diagram. WWW.Google.Com/DistillationTechniques.

Meade, George P., A Negro Scientist of Slavery Days. Negro

History Bulletin. April 157 Pages 15 - 164

Norbert Rillieux Chemist and Inventor, The Encyclopedia of

Black American Past. New York, New York 16. Pages

6 - 64.

Norbert Rillieux (1806 - 184), Sepia, August 176. Page 11

Norbert Rillieux. Tuesday. October 168. Pages 0 - and

8

Norbert Rillieux. Negro Digest. March 148. Page 11

Norbert Rillieux. Chemical and Engineering News. American

Chemical Society. 00

Norbert Rillieux. The African American Journey. World Book

Incorporated. 00

Norbert Rillieux Sugar Chemist and Inventor. The Faces of

African American Sciences. 15-000. URL

Http//www.princeton.edu/~mcbrown/display/rillieux.html

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Sonnys Blues

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The story "Sonnys Blues" illustrate the lives of two brothers, narrated by the oldest brother, who was never given a name or a nickname. This directs the reader to better understand his feelings and the way he views what is intended to happen. The story begins as the older brother learns of Sonnys arrest in a raid downtown for peddling and using heroin. He mulls over this all day, and cannot seem to brush it off. The narrator goes through a time of disappointment and sadness. Time goes by and he decides to write to Sonny in prison, only after his daughter Gracie died. When he got a response from Sonny, it "…made {him} feel like a bastard." (P 4) The two kept in touch until Sonny came back to New York. It was during this time that the two brothers came to terms with their past and present problems; with each other, and themselves.

Sonnys older brother was discontented in his teaching profession. He felt a lack of admiration and importance from his students. He says, "…{the students would} be popping off needles every time they went to the head. Maybe it did more for them than algebra could". (P 40) His students reminded him of Sonny, and made him feel guilty. He needed to be away form the children because seeing their faces, constantly made him feel responsible for what happened.

The brothers lives started at a housing project in Harlem, New York. A filthy and underdeveloped area with dirty streets, that takes a toll on the effect of the brothers lives. In this slum, drugs and violence enclose Sonny. He experienced first hand all that goes on with drugs, and the low lives who survive in the area. The kids in the playground were not playing ordinary games; as a matter of fact, there were not any kids in the playground until it was dark. Deep down, Sonny knew that if he did not leave Harlem, he would give into the temptations.Even though he has not finished school, Sonny explains to his brother that he wants to join the army or the navy, "…to get out of Harlem". (P 5)When the two of them get back to Harlem, the narrator felt "… that I was simply bringing him back into the danger he had almost died trying to escape". (P 46)

It was clear from the view of the narrator that the two brothers were heading into different directions from the start. As soon as the cab ride home to Harlem and the "…cab moved uptown… we (Sonny and the narrator) both were seeking through our separate cab windows was a part of ourselves which had been left behind". (P 45)They were searching for dull memories of their youth, all before the soreness and misery were at hand on both of their lives. When the narrator was on a break from the army, he married Isabel, implying that he wanted to start a family, which he did. At the same time, Sonny had confessed to his brother that he had bought himself a pair of drums, and wanted to become a musician. Later he told him that he wanted to be a jazz musician with the piano. The narrator just "…simply couldnt see why on earth he wants to spend his time hanging around nightclubs, clowning around on bandstands, while people pushed each other around a dance floor." (P 50)The narrator saw his passion for music as an unproductive and unsupportive career. He thought that Sonny was not thinking about his future. This is why the narrator became a teacher, to support himself, and his family.

Custom Essays on Sonnys Blues

Throughout the story, some situations influence the direction of the narrators life, and Sonnys life. Before the boys mother dies, she makes the narrator promise her, "You got to hold on to your brother, and dont let him fall, no matter what it looks like is happening to him and no matter how evil you get with him." (P 4) With this in mind the narrator decided, without consulting him that Sonny was to finish school, and while he was away, Sonny would stay at Isabels house. It did not matter what Sonny thought at that time. By forcing Sonny to stay with Isabels family, he extracted from the real world, and formed his own world that consisted only of music, and nothing else. "…it was as though he were all wrapped up in some cloud, some fire, some vision all his own; and there wasnt any way of reaching him at all." (P 5)This is also when Sony began to fill his worthlessness with heroin. His brother, Harlem, and his love for music influenced Sonny. Through his unfolding, the reader is capable of discover his guilt and regret of not satisfying his mothers wish to care for Sonny.

Since Sonny tries so hard to be a musician, towards the closing stages of the story he was living the kind of life he wanted to live. The brothers go to a haphazard nightclub downtown. The narrator tells us, "Here I was in Sonny world. Or rather his kingdom. Here, it was not even a question that {Sonnys} veins bore royal blood."(P 60)At the club the narrator realizes, "…the man who creates the music is hearing something else, is dealing with the roar rising from the void and imposing order on it as it cause it has no words, and triumphant too, for that same reason. And his triumph, when he triumphs, is ours." ( P 50) Song is how musicians purify their souls. This is precise with Sonny, he in no way had peers to seek guidance from his troubles with, and the only time he wanted support for his music was always harmful. After all of Sonnys problems, he found music as a way of communication to others, as well as his brother. Most essential, Sonny made his brother grasp that he actually did learn what his brother had tried to teach him about life and how to succeed.

At the end of the story, the two brothers seem to find a common relation through "Sonnys Blues". By listening to his music, all the pain and suffering they both had felt; like the death of Grace, their parents, and drug addiction surface. "For while the tale of how we suffer, and how we are delighted, and how we may triumph is never new, it always must be heard. There isnt any other tale to tell, its the only light weve got in all this darkness." (P 61)

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Unconditionla love

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Unconditional Love

Although the subject matter of "A Valediction Forbidding Mourning" could be applied to any couple pending separation, John Donne wrote his poem for his wife on the eve of his departure for France in 1611. In the poem, the speaker pleads with his lady to accept his departure. The speaker defines and celebrates a love that transcends the physical and can therefore endure and even grow through separation. In arguing against mourning and emotional upheaval, Donne uses a series of bold and unexpected comparisons for the love between the speaker and his lady.

Donne makes his first surprising analogy in the first stanza when he compares the impending separation of the lovers to death. The speaker compares his parting from his lover of the soul from virtuous man at death. According to the speaker, "virtuous men pass mildly away" because the virtue in their lives has assured them of glory and reward in the afterlife; hence, they die in peace without fear and emotion (1). He suggests that the separation of the lovers be like this separation caused by death. In the second stanza the speaker furthers his comparison for a peaceful separation. "So let us melt, and make no noise" refers to the melting of gold by a goldsmith or alchemist (5). When gold is melted it does not sputter and is therefore quiet. The speaker and his love should not display their private, intimate love as "tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests move" (6). The speaker thinks that it would be a "profanation" to reveal the sacred love he shares with his lady (7). It would be similar to priests revealing the mysteries of their faith to "the laity", that is, to ordinary people (8). The loud display of grief upon separation would therefore desecrate the sacred love the speaker and his lady to the less elevated love of ordinary people.

The second stanza introduces another category of startling comparative images, referring to the motions or changes of the earth and spheres. Donnes contemporaries believed that the heavens were perfect (reflecting the perfection of God). Everything "sublunary"below the moon, on this earthwas imperfect, subject to decay and death. Furthermore, the planets moving in orbit around the earth in the Ptolemaic view of the universe were attached to the heavenly spheres moved or shook(-1). In line 6, the "tear-floods" and "sigh-tempest move" refers to the moving of the earth. Write my Essay on unconditionla love for me

In the third stanza, the speaker again refers to the unrefined love of ordinary people in contrast with the love between him and his lady. The upheavals in the lives of ordinary lovers on earth are earthquakes ("Moving of the earth") that brings "harms and fears" (). In contrast, in a more refined love such as that between the speaker and his lady, any disturbance is above the reach of such earthly upheavals. It is like the far-off trembling in the heavens. It is as if their love resided in the heavens, among the crystal spheres of the Ptolemaic universe. Even when there is "trepidation" or trembling of the spheres, it is "innocent"it will cause no harm or damage in the world below (11-1). Donne continues to refer to the Ptolemaic universe in the fourth and fifth stanzas.

In the fourth stanza, ordinary earth-bound lovers are caught up in the physical presence of the other person, which like all material things in this "sublunary" sphere below the moon, is subject to change and decay (1). Their "soul is sense" and "cannot admit absence" because the only way to express their love is through their five senses(14-15). Their relationship depends on the physical act of love, which cannot occur in the absence of each other. The speaker explains that the refined love between he an his love doesnt need the presence of the physical body because it is "Inter-assured of the mind" (1). The speaker and his lady are connected at the soul and are therefore not really separated.

In the sixth stanza, Donne again compares love to gold. Pure gold can be beaten into layer of thinnest gold leaf that stretches incredibly far without breaking. The speaker explains here that since the love between he and his wife is pure and precious like gold, it can also be expanded and stretched without a "breach" (). Here, the speaker means although he will be far away, the love between he and his lady will not break because it is so pure.

Donnes most famous and unusual comparison starts in the seventh stanza and concludes his poem when he compares the love between he and his wife to "stiff twin compasses" (6). The twin compasses are described as two only in the sense that there are two legs joined permanently at the top. Here Donne is referring to the mathematical instrument used in geometry. One leg, "the fixed foot", is planted firmly in the center (7). The other "travels," describing a perfect circle, returning to its point of origin. The "fixed foot" of the center foot "leans and harkens" after the other that "far doth roam" (5-0). The speaker explains that the center foot (the person who stays at home) makes sure the absent lover comes back to form a complete circle because of its firmness.

In the last stanza, the speaker explains that the firmness of the love of his lady will make him come back to where he began. Furthermore, the circle created by the journey of the compass was the symbol of perfection in Donnes time because like God and eternity, it has no beginning and no end. This use of the circle in Donnes poem suggests the perfection of the love between he and his wife.

In "A Valediction Forbidding Mourning", Donne describes a most perfect and unchangeable love between two people. Throughout the poem he skillfully compares the love of the speaker and his lady to things that seem completely different to the love between them. Whether Donne wrote his poem for his wife or just touched a universal theme, the huge apparent differences bring the mortal love between the speaker and his lady to a level of perfection above earthly faults.

Please note that this sample paper on unconditionla love is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on unconditionla love, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on unconditionla love will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Bio notes

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Chapter 1 "Introduction Ten Themes in the Study of Life"

- biological organization is based on hierarchy of structural levels atoms-molecules-organelles (components cells)-cells (subunits of organisms which are units of life & a multicellular cooperative)-tissue-organ-organism-population (localized group of organisms belonging to same species)-biological community (pop of diff species living in same area)-ecosystem (community rxns that include nonliving features of environment)

- multicultural organisms exhibit major structural levels above the cell 1) similar cells grouped into tissues ) specific arrangements of diff tissues form organs ) organs are grouped into organ systems

- w/each step upward in hierarchy of biological order, novel properties emerge that were not present @ simpler levels or organization which result from interactions between componentsCheap Custom Essays on bio notes

- scientists seeking to understand biological processes confront dilemmas 1) we cant fully explain a higher level of order by breaking it down into its parts ) the futility of trying to analyze something as complex as an organism or cell w/out taking it apart

- reductionism reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

- cell is lowest level of structure capable of performing all activities of life

- Hooke 1st described & named cells in 1665; Leeuwenhoek discovered organisms (single-celled); both finally acknowledged as universal units by Schleiden & Schwann (summarized that all living things consist of cells, basis of cell theory

- major kinds of cells 1) prokaryotic cells (DNA isn't separated from rest of cell in a nucleus) ) eukaryotic cells (subdivided by internal membrane into many diff functional compartments); they contrast sharply in complexity, but they have some key similarities

- biological instructions are encoded in the molecule DNA, its the substance of genes, made up of long chains arranged into a double helix, each chain composed of 4 kinds of chem building blocks (nucleotides)

- all forms of life employ essentially the same genetic code; "library" of genetic instruction (genome)

- inheritance itself depends on a mechanism for copying DNA & passing its sequence of chem letters on to offspring

- how a device works is correlated w/its structure form fits function

- an organism is an example of what scientists call an open system, an entity that exchanges materials & energy w/its surroundings

- interactions between organisms & their environment are interwoven to form fabric of an ecosystem which include 1) cycling of nutrients

) flow of energy from sunlight to photosynthetic life to organisms that feed on plants

- exchange of energy between an organism & its surroundings involves transformation of 1 form of energy to another

- life requires continual uptake o ordered energy & release of some unordered energy to surroundings

- organisms are able to obtain useful energy from fuel molecules such as sugar; regulation of chem rxns w/in cells centers on enzymes

- regulatory mechanisms determine precisely when, where, & how fast certain reactions occur in a cell

- many processes are self-regulating operating by feedback - feedback slows or stops processes & + feedback speeds up a process

- mammals & birds have a negative feedback system that keeps body temp w/in a narrow range (homeostasis)

- biologists have identified & named about 1.5 mill species; we group species into categories

- diff methods for categorizing 1) past decade we have used the 5 kingdoms ) new methods are by comparisons of DNA ) now domains

- domains Bacteria, Archaea, (both consist of organisms mostly unicellular w/prokaryotic cells) & Eukarya (organisms w/eucharistic cells)

- domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista (single-celled), Plantae, Fungi, & Animalia (multi-cellular & distinguished by their modes nutrition)

- evolution is 1 theme that ties together all others & unifies biology

- Darwin published The Origin of Species in 185 w/ concepts 1) contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors thru a process of "descent w/modification" (evolution) ) how life evolves (natural selection an editing process)

- what began as 1 species could gradually diversify into many species as geographically isolated pop adapted over many generations to diff sets of environmental probs

- science is a way of knowing; types of exploration 1) discovery science & hypothetico-deductive science

- verifiable observations & measurements are the data of discovery science, enables us to describe life @ its many levels, can lead to important conclusions based on a type of logic (inductive reasoning) which is a generalization that summarizes many current observations

- hypothetico-deductive science uses scientific method & deductive logic to test hypotheses from general to specific, takes "if…then" logic

- in a controlled experiment, the set receives experimental treatment (experimental group) & the set that receives no experimental treatment (control group, which is vital), enables researchers to focus on responses to a single variable

- hypotheses must be testable

- facts in form of verifiable observations & repeatable experimental results are the pre-req for science

- some new theory that ties together a # of observations & experimental results that previously seemed unrelated

- theories only become widely accepted in science if they are supported by an accumulation of extensive & varied evidence

- science 1) a dependence on observations & measurements that others can verify ) requirement that ideas (hypotheses & theories) are testable by observations & experiments that others can repeat

- technology results from scientific discoveries applied to development of goods & services; tech has improved our standard of living

- science can help us identify problems & provide insight what course of action may prevent further damage

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Early Renaissance Art in Europe

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Reflection Early Renaissance Art in Europe

During the 15th century in Europe, a prosperous middle class arose in the Netherlands, France, and Italy. They supported scholarship, literature, and the arts. Their generous patronage led to the revival of classical art, architecture, learning, and creativity called the Renaissance. Merchants began to have a rising social status. Humanism is a term that refers to the revival of classical learning and literature. Humanism promoted a "worldview that is focused on human beings, an education that perfects individuals through the study of past models of civic and personal virtue, a value system that emphasizes personal effort and responsibility, and a physically or intellectually active life that is directed at a common good as well as individual nobility" (Stokstad 61). The greatest humanist was Petrarch, who saw history in three periods the ancient classical world, the "dark ages," and a rebirth. Petrarch also introduced writing in the vernacular, as opposed to Latin; Giotto introduced a vernacular style in painting. The people of the Renaissance had an appreciation of Greek and Roman culture, and classical antiquity was considered the standard model. Popular subjects in art were history, religion, and mythology. Portraiture became more common, and anatomical accuracy became important. Linear perspective, which created the illusion of three dimensional space on a two dimensional surface, developed. The Renaissance began in 14th century Italy, and spread to the rest of Europe in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries.

The most famous architect of the early Renaissance was Filippo Brunelleschi. He became the designer of the dome of Florence Cathedral, which was revolutionary engineering. Brunelleschi then designed a sacristry as a chapel and mausoleum, for the Medici family, and was then commissioned to build the church itself, replacing the old basilica. This church, San Lorenzo, was rebuilt with the plan of an early Christian basilica. A long nave and two side aisles are intersected by a transept. San Lorenzo has mathematical regularity and symmetry. Palazzo Medici-Riccardis plain exterior related to political and religious thinking in Florence, which was strongly influence by Christian ideals of poverty and charity. The building was constructed around a central courtyard surrounded by a covered gallery, or loggia. The spread of Renaissance architecture was partly because of Leon Battista Alberti, who traveled widely. Alberti was commissioned to enlarge the Church of SantAndrea, who began work on it but died that summer. One of Albertis ideas for the church was the Latin-cross plan, where a nave more than 55 feet wide is intersected by a transept of equal width and has a square, domed crossing. A votive church was a church built as a special offering to a saint. The large congregations and processions made the long nave a basilica almost a necessity for local churches, but votive churches often had a central plan. The medium of the churches and palazzo were stone, marble, and pietra serena.

A popular subject in sculpture was Old Testament figure like Moses, David, Jeremiah, and Isaiah, and so was large figures of patron saints of a church. In the 15th century, the two most important sculptural commissions in Florence were the new bronze doors for the Florence Cathedral Baptistry, and the exterior decoration of the Church of Orsanmichele. Lorenzo Ghiberti won the competition to do the bronze relief panels for the doors. The most famous sculptor of early Italian Renaissance was Donatello. He used a pictorial approach to relief sculpture, and created the impression of deep space by using new linear perspective and varying heights of relief. Donatello constantly explored human emotions and expressions and medium, such as bronze, marble, and polychromed wood. In bronze sculpture, Donatello made the first life-size male nude since antiquity (David) and the first life-size bronze equestrian portrait since classical Rome (Gattamelata). Near the end of his career, Donatellos style became more emotionarlly expressive, as seen in his Mary Magdalen. Equestrian statues became more popular, and so did portrait tombs. To supply the increasing demand for architectural sculpture, artists turned to nontraditional materials such as terra cotta, although bronze and marble were the most popular mediums. In later 15th century, small bronzes were popular, such as Hercules and Antaeus. Cheap custom writing service can write essays on Early Renaissance Art in Europe

Giotto created a new style in painting. He introduced heightened human actions and emotions by painting enormous figures, modeled by a natural and consistent light and acting in a shallow but clearly defined space. He was a great storyteller, and his painted biblical events were understandable. Outside of Italy, there was an interest in the natural world. Along with the new desire for accurate depiction came an interest in personalities because of the humanist interest on people. Northern artists were interested in details, while Italian artists were more concerned with classical elements. Oil paint became the new medium of painting, although tempera and oil were still combined in some paintings. Atmospheric perspective was introduced, as artists painted more distant objects with a grayish or bluish cast to make it seem farther away. Italian patrons usually commissioned murals and large altarpieces for local churches, and smaller panel paintings for private chapels. Frescoes were in great demand, and Italian painters showed little interest in oil painting. The new Renaissance style and painting had solid, volumetric forms, perspectivally defined space, and references to classical antiquity. Popular subjects were any biblical scenes, mythology, and portraits. Oil painting largely replaced other mediums.

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Witchcraft in Medieval england

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Witchcraft in Medieval England

You shall not permit a sorceress to live (Ex. 18).

Introduction

The ancient belief in witchcraft and magic has existed for a very long time, having been mentioned in the tales of Homer in ancient Greece and even in the Bible. Witches are supposed to be females that have supernatural powers for evil purposes. A male with such powers is called a warlock, sorcerer or wizard.

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The Craze

The first man to take action against heretics was John XXII, who was Pope from 116 to 14. A century later, in 1484, Pope Innocent VIII issued the "Summis Desiderantes," which condemned the practice of witchcraft, declaring it opposed to catholic faith. In Europe, the practice of witchcraft officially became a felony in 154 and was made a capital offence in 156. The situation immediately after 156 was unclear due to lost records but it is estimated that from about 1560s until around the 160s, this ancient belief in witchcraft got completely out of hand. Witch hunting crazes swept through Europe and even spread as far as the new world settlements in Salem, Massachusetts. Belongings confiscated from the victims were usually given to the witch hunters, which further encouraged them. Victims of the witch trials have been estimated to number from hundreds of thousands to the millions.

Witchcraft in England

The witchcraft craze in England was not as hysterical as other parts of Europe, such as Germany, and parts of America, such as Salem. It is thought to be because the goods confiscated off the accused in England went to the Crown and not the locals, unlike in the other countries. However, England was not completely unaffected. Witch trials and executions rose steadily, especially in the southeast and in the town of Essex. They peaked at around the 1600s and declined within a few decades.

England also had some professional witch hunters, of which the most famous was Matthew Hopkins from Essex. He claimed that he could detect witches, all for fee, of course. Matthew Hopkins was the "Witch-Finder General" and was involved in the accusation of two hundred and fifty witches and one hundred executions.

What Distinguishes a Witch?

A high percentage of the people accused for practicing witchcraft were female midwives because it was believed that they had access to the evil spirit in unbaptised stillborn babies. It was also believed that virgins could not be witches. All witches were believed to have distinguishing marks on their body. When these "witch-marks" were pricked pin, it did not hurt the person. Records show that the "witch-marks" were likely to be located on exposed parts of the body such as the back of the neck. Witches were also believed to have a "familiar," which is an animal, usually a cat or a toad, which can turn into the devil and carry messages for the witch. Also, witches were believed to have regular social meetings (eg, Sabbaths) and be most active on the 0th of April and the 1st of October.

The Trials

There were many different ways of trailing an accused witch, most of which ended with the witch dying whether they were proven guilty or innocent. One method called "swimming the witch." This consisted of tying the victims hands and feet together and throwing them into deep water. If they floated, it was a sign of evil possession and if they sank, it proved them to be innocent. A variation of this trial consisted of tying the accused witch to a makeshift chair and continuously dunking them into a lake. If they survived, this proved that they could save themselves using magic. If they drowned, their innocence was proved.

Another method of trailing a witch consisted of throwing the accused witch off a cliff. If they used magic to save themselves, they were considered to be guilty and if they fell to their death, then they were innocent. The method that produced the most amounts of 'guilty witches was using torture, as the accused often confessed to being a witch just to stop the torment.

If a witch were to be proven guilty, they would be tied to a stake surrounded by hay, dry leaves and twigs and burned to death.

The Closing Stages

A few decades later at around the 160s, the witchcraft craze slowly died down. The last execution took place in the district of Exeter, Devon in 1685. The last trial took place in 171. In England in 17, the death sentence against witches was repealed. Soon after, other European countries followed suit. Overall, the executions that took place in England were mild compared to many other parts of Europe. It is unlikely that there were more than 500 deaths.

During the second half of the 17th century, sceptism of the existence of witchcraft grew among educated people, largely due to more new scientific ideas. However, the belief in witchcraft never really faded until the 0th century where factors like better communication and mass schooling eroded most belief in witchcraft. However, there is still a small percentage of the population in the world today that still believes in a little magic.

Conclusion

Today when we look back on the witch trials of the past, some say that the persecutions were earnest attempts by Christians to stamp out superstitions; some say that they were merely an excuse to take property from others while some say that it was really just a huge overreaction to a threat to their way of life. No matter the reason for the witch trials and executions, we need to learn from this mistake in our past and make sure nothing like that ever happens again.

Bibliography

1.Text - "Time, Continuity and Change" written by Meg Grey Blanden. Published by Longmand in 17.

.Text "The Oxford Companion to British History" Edited by John Cannon.

Published by the Oxford University Press in 17.

. Encyclopaedia Britannica CD ROM, 18.

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