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Wednesday, January 20, 2021

Determinis, Biological

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According to the author of the article All in the Genes?, there is no


intrinsic causality between genetics and intelligence. The author analyses


different aspects of biological determinism, and supplies many examples, which


illustrate aspects of this problem that are being discussed since the time


when these ideas became popular. He does not agree with biological determinist


that the intellectual performance of a person depends on genes inherited from


his parents. There are a lot of different theories about intellectual


capabilities. All these theories reflect different points of views, depending on


the period of time the authors of these theories lived.


The author argues for the theory that in the nineteenth century ,


artificial barriers in social hierarchy prevented people from achieving higher


intellectual performance. In the end of XX century, in most places these


barriers were removed by the democratic processes, and nothing artificial can


stand between the natural sorting process and social status of the people. These


changes can not be considered as historical because the age of democracy is just


two hundred years , and the time when inequality between classes and between


people was a natural situation is almost as long as the history of the world .


The author insists that there is no connection between environmental


differences and genetics. In support of his idea the author state that any


Canadian student can perform better in mathematics than some ancient professors


of mathematics. The author comes to the conclusion that changes in a cultural


environment are the main factor that determines level of intellectual


performance, not inherited combination of parents genes .He argues that


genetic differences that appear in one environment may easily disappear in


another. A theory that twins were raised in different social conditions will


have the same level of intellectual performance because identical genetics


constitution was used by the ideologist of biological determinism. The author


rejects this theory because from his point of view, all these cases cannot be


considered as always reliable on a close look, in most cases, twins were


raised by the members of the same family or in other words, not in a diametrical


opposite level of society. The author believes that there is no convincing


measure of the role of genes in influencing human behavioural variation.


During the argumentation of questions of biological determinism, the


author supports his idea with numerous examples. He gives examples of supporters


of bio determinism and outlines that these examples are not reliable. One of the


fallacies of biological determinism is the result of IQ testing. According to


some scientist only 0% of performance depend on environment and other 80%


depend on genetic variations. The author state that this is completely


fallacious because there is no connection between the variation that can be


ascribed as genetic differences and whether an IQ performance was affected by


environment and by how much. IQ measures little more than a person s ability


to take a test. Scores increase dramatically as a person is trained or


familiarised with a test. It means that an IQ level does not depend on the


intellectual abilities of parents but on the manner of studying and preparation


that can be considered as environmental changes.


For the author, there is a casual relationship between genetic and


environmental differences. He gives us an example of a fruitflies with more


bristles under the wing on the left side than on the right side. He says that


these differences are caused by random chances of cell during growth and


development and that every organism is a unique combination of genes and


environmental random chances. Another fallacy can be illustrated by the


statement provided by the author, which is built on the ideology of biological


determinism . . . if most of the variation in, say, intelligence among


individuals is a consequence of variation among their genes, then manipulating


the environment will not make much differences. The author argues that the


proportion of variation in genes is not fixed properly, but one that varies from


environment to environment. So, the author of the article provides many examples


and rejects the fact that the intelligence is only affected by genes.


.We can characterises the ideology of biological determinism as an


explanation of social, cultural and physical inadequacy among people based on


their inborn biological differences, which are passed along from parents to


children. Scientists who support the theory of biological determinism insist


that all people differ in their fundamental abilities because of some innate


differences, such as genetic constitution. This ideology of genetic inequality


states that there is a bridge between racial genetic constitution and the size


of the brain. Many scientists believe that the evaluations of peoples brain


sizes correspond to a persons intellectual ability. Samples of skulls from


around the world confirmed Western European supremacy. The scientists in


pursuit of studies such as biological determinism always failed to clarify how


typical these skulls were of their respective populations. Simple selection of


skulls easily biased results, without a scientist necessarily realising his own


subjectivity. The theory of biological determinism appeared primarily to


legitimate forms of social inadequacy and control. Such ideas were the product


of industrial revolution, as well as cultural and ideological.


Some ideologies of biological determinism assert that sophisticated


behaviour is not taught, but develops automatically. There is a difference


between mankind and animals behaviour. For example, child learns how to speak


his first words under the influence of the parents or relatives, but a child


who is raised in an isolated environment cannot communicate in a normal way. We


can conclude from this example that a child begins to speak not because of


genetic variations of his or her parents, but because of the environment he is


located in. History knows the cases when a child was raised among animals, but


his humans inherited genetic constitution did not influence his intellectual


performance.


The fact that so many oriental children do well seems to be more of a


nurture/environmental reason rather than a nature/genetic reason. Their parents


may have come from villages with little or no chance of an education. When they


migrate to the West, many, as a result of conflict such as the Vietnam war,


brought their ideologies with them. But they may not have the higher


intelligence as an innate ability, so therefore neither would their children.


This is an example to show that in some cases nature can affect the way nurture


rules your life, and it is completely controverts the ideology of biological


determinism.


Another authors example that contradicts the theory of biological


determinism is Wilsons disease, which causes suffering from inability of


detoxify to cooper, which is an example of a genetic disorder. A few centuries


ago people with such behaviour could not be considered fully functional.


However, because of achievements of modern medicine, a treatment for these


genetic disorders was found, and just by taking a pill, such a genetic disorder


can be eliminated. Today we do not accept people with genetic inability


because these people are different from us, but tomorrow they will be full


members of our society.


.From my point of view, biological determinism does not have a direct


bridge to social inequality and political control. In my opinion, intelligence


is shaped by a mixture of genes and environmental influence. The question, is


whether all people have approximately the same capacity to think and to work.


But it is not appropriate question to ask. The question should be, whether all


people are motivated by the same things? Given the cases consider, the answer is


no. This is an important distinction. Every one of us has different


surroundings which in one way or another shapes our perceptions of social


reality. Rules of the society where we live can tell each of us to act a given


way in certain situations. Our nature is our genetic endowment. It determines


our basic physical appearance our hair and eye colour, etc. It determines the


types of emotions and motivations we can experience. We have different inner


responses to different environments. However, our genes depend on the


environment to fill in the missing details. So, if we are genetically


predisposed to become agitated in a crowded setting, but we never experience


such an environment, we will not have this genetic behaviour. We cannot tell


whether that people in our society are distinct from each other because of


those unexpressed innate differences. No two people are motivated by the same


experience; thats why we are so different. There is no doubt that our


achievements in a society are predominated by our own contribution to any


business and how much effort we put to it. It requires 100 % contribution in


order to achieve the deserved result. In every layer of society we can


encounter cases when individuals are raised above the average because of the


level of their intellectual ability, but not because their parents were rich


and famous.


One historical example that contradicts the theory of biological


determinism is a the world famous scientist Albert Einstein. Jewish immigrant


from Germany, he was not rich, his parents were not professors or politicians.


Because of his significant intellectual power, he became famous all around the


world. And even after his death, his brain was taken by a scientist who tried to


figure out what was the difference between him and the rest of us. Nothing


unusual in his brain was found. This specific example contradicts the theory of


biological determinism. Einsteins innate capacities were not transmitted from


generation to generation biologically. Thus is his efforts made him famous and


acceptable through the world. Thus is his contribution to science could give him


a control and a power, if he desired it.


Yes, Einstein was in some way different from others. What can it be? If


we assume that all individuals were raised in the same environmental condition,


such as family, school and neighbourhood, than the differences between them and


others can be explained by the genetic constitution, but it still does not mean


that this genetic constitution was 100% inherited from their parents. From my


point of view, these genetic differences can be explained only by the random


combination of genes. I think it can not be explained by any logical way or by


genetic science but only as a result of play of nature . The best proof of


this idea can be that after all of successes in the field of genetic science,


there is still no any remedies that can let to produce smart children. Another


example that contradicts a theory of biological determinism, that we do not live


by our natural, instinctual, primitive way because we do not live, as primitive


animals do in nature. Civilisation is a subversion of nature. In a global


contest there is a huge amount of examples when people whose parents did not


have any money or power, achieved the higher level of power. For example


Napoleon, a son of the ordinary people, citizen of Corsica, just with the help


of his intellectual power he became the first person in the France. He did not


inherit any imperious qualities from his parents, but he manages to become an


imperator. We can say that his existence causes the death and starvation of


millions people during the wars that he had. What can be the best proof of the


power when persons desire for control decides for people to die or to live?


History knows an example where it is not innate abilities bring people


to the power and control. A monster of the 0th century came to the power that


responsible for the World War II. Anything is known about Hitlers sadistic


behaviour or harmful acts in his childhood. Hitlers hate came from the fact


that he was an outsider who did not belong anywhere, who never found a safe and


secure place in a society. The environment he lived in, the unfairness of German


society, the crisis in his family made him mad and furious This is an influence


of a society made him a bloody criminal of the 0th century. Hitlers


remarkable power as a speaker and the will to the revenge made him a very good


orator that helped him to lead the masses. Hitler and Napoleon had inner


responses in different ways to different environment. No one can assume that a


hunger for a domination and an authority came to them with their mothers blood.


Therefore, there is no bridge between biological determinism of innate


capacities and a desire of people with a power to invade and kill the innocent


population. Our genes encode only what they need to, to conserve genetic


material. The rest of the detail is left for the environment to fill in.


4.For thousands of years humans ask the question of their human nature.


They have attempted to find themselves in relation to the animal kingdom.


The quest for knowledge is universal in Frankenstein It is well-known


that the scientific revolution of 17th centuries initiated a profound


intellectual upheaval in western thought that replaced the philosophical


universe of Aristotle and the Middle Ages with the new infinitary and


mechanistic universe of Copernican astronomy and Galilean-Newtonian physics.


And this new mechanistic universe dominated western thought until the early


years of the 0th century-shaping almost all aspects of the further development


of western culture and setting the stage, for the revolutionary scientific


developments of the present century.


The scientific revolution that resulted in the new mechanistic universe


of Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton also resulted in an equally profound upheaval


in the development of western medicine. In Science and Literature in the


Nineteenth Century Mary Shelleys theme of scientific interference with the


fundamental mysteries of life makes Frankenstein the prototype of numerous works


of science fiction. She creates the typical representative of her time.


Frankenstein is a great medical scholar, exaggeration of Shelleys simple


student. A Frankenstein Effect, the suite of moral and ethical problems


encountered when man tries to improve our nature.


The monster, being a sort of matter duplication of Victor, has a


physical and psychic link with his creator. If the monster is wounded, Victor


also gets the same wound.


This transforms the story from its usual allegory of the relationship of


God and Man to one of the two sides of a single persons personality.


I do think that Frankensteins monster can be considered as a product


of theory of biological determinism. Biological determinism states that


intellectual abilities are enclosed in us by genes inherited from parents.


The main idea of Victor Frankenstein, was a creation of some kind of


machine or robot, which, like we assume, does not have any genes background and


therefore, according to the theory of biological determinism, does not have any


intellectual future. Despite this assumption, a monster begins to show the sign


of the intellect, he tries to get knowledges, and it means that something going


on with him. This something changes his intellectual structure, shifting him


from the animal state to the human being. If we follow the ideas of biological


determinism, it should be nonsense Monster does not have any intellectual


background. He does not even have parents.


But in fact, happened something opposite, according to the book, the


monster very much wants to stimulate his intellect and has a great desire for


knowledge. He eagerly listens the humans discussion and teachings and he revels


in finding some books The possession of these treasures gave me extreme


delight; I now continually studied and exercised my mind upon these histories.


Just like his creator at the beginning of the narrative, he is thirsty for


knowledge and reads everything that he can lay his hands on.


The artificial man is put in a number of situations where one would


expect a human being to react in one way and a machine or construct in another .


The monster that Frankenstein creates has all of human society against him from


the start. Wee see Shellys intentions to show that monster and his behaviour


reflect the image of our society, where humans are not very kind to each other


and not to mention how they treat somebody who is not human or looks repulsive.


The monster or the people that he tries to be friend with and who consistently


refuse his offers of friendship on the basis of his appearance. We see the


authors intentions to show comparisons between the monster and other people.


She illustrates the presence of humans characteristics that are traditionally


thought to be defining characteristics for a monster.


The monster did very human thing when he risked his own life and saved


a young girl who has fallen into a rapid river. We see than a monster has very


negative impression about a society he meets, but despite of that, he has very


good intentions to contact a human race. However, the influence of a society


makes him depressed and dissatisfied with his life situation. The feelings of


kindness and gentleness which I had entertained but a few moments before gave


place to hellish rage and gnashing of teeth. Inflamed by pain, I vowed eternal


hatred and vengeance to all mankind. Having come this far, one might be


forgiven for wondering which is the most human the monster or the people


that he tries to be friend and who consistently refuse his offers of friendship


solely on the basis of his appearance. Therefore, from authors intentions and


Frankenstein motivations we can tell that the monster is a by-product of the


theory of biological determinism.


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