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Tuesday, March 3, 2020

Positivist theory

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In this essay I will apply the positivist theory to the R. v. Williams [18]1 S.C.R. 118 case. Theory is the frame work that determines and defines the state of affairs within which certain phenomena will be analyzed, criticized and synthesized. This frame work functions as a paradigm that determines the set of legitimate questions to be asked and signifies the direction towards probable answers to these questions.


Positivism is defined by The Oxford Reference Dictionary as "the theory that laws are to be understood as social rules, valid because they are enacted by 'the sovereign or derive logically from the existing decisions, and that ideal or moral considerations (e.g., that rule is unjust) should limit the scope or operation of the law." The positivist are not concerned about the morality of law. If there was morality in the law there wouldnt be a consistent application of law. The issue is not if law can be morally evaluated or not, they are concerned about the mechanics of law. They say we dont need morality, trust who ever is elected and their morality, and government is everything because you elected them.


The natural law theory is in conflict with positivism, because in natural law theory an unjust law is not a valid law. "The essence of the natural law perspective is lex iniusta non est lex an unjust low is no law at all." If you cant detect morality in law, that means its invalid. It has a longer history then positivism. "Until the twentieth century, natural law theory was generally conceived to be based upon Christian theology or Judeo-Christian values."


Legal realism began in the U.S.A. at the beginning of the 1st Century. They argue that in order to understand the legal process the person must be aware of the political, social and economic context which law brings up and changes. They see the background of the judge will reflect to the decisions they make and to the growth of the statutory law. Legal realism provides the tools for law, for better interpretation of law. Before judging they would try to find what is behind that law and what was intended by it. Do my essay on Positivist theory CHEAP !


Critical Legal perspective arose in law schools of U.S. in late 170s. "They were simply seeking to locate those people working either at law schools or in closely related academic settings with a certain vaguely perceived, general political or cultural predisposition…" Like legal realist did in 10s this approach got the attention of law teachers and the social scientists.


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Stats essay

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As a Marine Reservist, anytime the United States arises in conflict with another country I become directly involved. Since the United States is building up for a war with Iraq, I have become interested on topics pertaining to this ordeal. Having already read viewpoints that deal with ethics and freedom, I decided it would be interesting to research economical debates pertaining to the conflict. As you will read in the following essay, economists who find that war will be economically devastating to our economy are also against war with Iraq. Contrasting with their viewpoints is economists who support a war against Iraq and further believe war with Iraq will help or at least not hurt our economy.


The two viewpoints on the economical debate are misleading. The dispersion of the statistics given by the economists has too much range between them. The economists are clearing trying to skew the consumer to agree with their view. The following essay supports my claim.


President George Bush and his administration have given their reasons why Saddam and his regime must be toppled, but has produced no estimates of how much money it will cost. Although, cost estimates are often ignored when war is debated, Americans must be informed on how much a war with Iraq will cost. They must also be informed on who will pay for the war and will war create an economic boom or negatively add to an already struggling U.S. economy. Help with essay on stats essay


As in past wars, such as World War II, the United States experienced an economical boom that helped the U.S. pull out of the depression. But some economists who oppose war, including last years winner of the Noble Prize for Economics Professor Joseph Stiglitz believe that a war with Iraq will harm the already struggling economy. Stiglitz explained in a recent economic debate that Iraq is the second leading producer of oil and war with Iraq would definitely hike up the cost of oil. Stiglitz further adds that if this happens, America who is the worlds largest consumer and largest importer of oil as well as the leading energy user will suffer dearly (Kwang, 00).


In addition to Stiglitz argument, economist George Perry of Brookings Institution further believes that a prolonged war (0 days or more) will be devastating to the United States. Perry estimates if the war is long, there will be a decline in world oil production of over seven million barrels per day, partially offset by a supply drawn from U.S. strategic oil reserves. Consequences of this happening may also happen if terrorism increases in the U.S. due to the war or political reaction of governments in the Middle East region. Perry further adds that if the war causes destruction to Iraq oils capacity, along with one quarter of the productive capacity of other Gulf States results could lead to an OPEC boycott that would cut oil production in the United States by 5% (Norhaus, 00). Perry believes that a boycott is economically plausible because when dealing with oil markets a producers profit go up rather than down with lower production.


Economists who are against war with Iraq deem that a quick decline in oil production will involve sharp increases in oil prices, high inflation, and major transfers of wealth from oil consumers to oil producers. This would harm the United States economy by raising the current $5 a barrel for oil to an outrageous $75 a barrel. On top of that, gasoline prices could jump to $ per gallon. Further, imported oil would rise by $00 billion per year in the U.S., and oil prices probably spark a recession (Norhaus, 00).


Further, economists are concerned with these figures because the two worst recessions of the last half-century (174-175 and 181-18) were closely associated with a constant rise in oil prices (Shapiro, 00). Being that America is the largest energy consuming country, the region will become vulnerable to these high oil prices.


In contrast, economists who support war with Iraq, such as Fred Bergsten who is the director of the Washington D.C. Institute of International Economist, believe that war would be positive for the United States and the economy. Bergsten first believes that war would eliminate the doubt of what will happen. Americans would see the results of the war and go back to their everyday business. Bergsten also adds that during the 10-11 Gulf War the U.S. released its strategic oil reserve, which in return caused oil prices to fall and help spark an economic boom. According to Bergsten, war would most likely bring Iraqi oil back to the world markets (Kwang, 00).


War supporter and economist Larry Kudlow believes that war with Iraq will play no part on the increase of oil. Kudlows article in the National Review explains that right now oil futures predict lower not higher energy cost. In his article, Kudlow explains that oil barrel price has already dropped $ from its $0 peak, and the futures believe that oil will soon cost $ a barrel. According to Kudlow, results will derive from the tax-cut effect of lower energy costs by business and consumers (Kudlow, 00). Kudlow adds that the United States and Russia have been meeting on regular bases and are discussing how the two countries can expand their oil and energy relationship (Kudlow, 00). Its also believed that the U.S. Export-Import Bank will underwrite at least $100 million in sales of U.S. equipment and services to Russian oil companies in and around Russia to develop the Caspian Sea basin which holds an estimated 0 billion barrels of oil.


Presently it is believed that Russia is assisting to the U.S. strategic petroleum reserve. The reserves inventory is estimated at 800 million barrels. This is enough to add 4 million barrels daily to world petroleum stocks. It is also believed that the U.S. government and private corporations are looking to develop petroleum interests in West Africa (Kudlow, 00).


Changing the subject from oil to the overall cost of war, economists opposed to war are worried about how much war will cost the United States. If war is prolonged, economists estimate the cost of war will be detrimental to our nations GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Not only will war with Iraq be costly for weaponry and troop movement, but also for the reconstruction of a war torn country. Some economists predict that to rebuild Iraq will cost as much as $100 billion. This is in comparison to the 10s U.S. conflict in the Balkans in which humanitarian assistance was approximated at $500 a person. The war with Afghanistan cost the U.S. $1 billion with an additional $10 billion going to humanitarian relief (Norhaus, 00). Economists who support these numbers believe that other countries wont help pay this bill. They conclude that a long drawn-out war with Iraq will cost the United States a total of $1,55 trillion dollars over a 10-year period after the war (Norhaus, 00). This includes direct military spending, peacekeeping efforts, reconstruction and nation-building, humanitarian assistance, impact on oil markets, and the macroeconomic impact.


In contrast, economists who support war conclude that a war with Iraq will cost no more than $100 billion dollars. With the U.S. GDP now at $10.6 trillion dollars a $100 billion dollar war would be roughly 0.% of national income. Economist Larry Kudlow adds, "As economic recovery gathers force (with lower tax rates kicking in over the next four years) the war-cost share of GDP will slip to virtually nil. As the stock market recovers in the years ahead, trillions of dollars of newly-created wealth will render the so-called "war cost" to a level of statistical insignificance" (Kudlow, p.1, 00).


The different viewpoints that these economists support clearly show the misrepresentation in the statistics given. The dispersion between the figures is difficult for a consumer to side with. Those who support the war will side with economists who believe that war is economically plausible. Likewise, those against war will support the statistics that show the detrimental effects conflict with Iraq will have to the U.S. economy. Consumers, who have no opinions on the conflict, must stay in the median of these debates and not become victims of caricature by economists personal beliefs.


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Friday, February 28, 2020

Henry Lawson portrays life as hard and difficult. Do you agree?

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Henry Lawson portrays Australian life to be hard and difficult and people are expected to deal with struggle and survival everyday. Suprisingly this helps them through their experiences rather than breaking them. Lawsons stories "A double Buggy at Laheys Creek" and "The Drovers Wife" show the characters endure and overcome poverty and isolation, which at the same time brings out their strengths to assist them through their experiences.


The hard, Australian environment of the 1880s-0s ( Lawson illustrates through his writing) contribute to the difficult life the characters lead. Isolation is one of the aspects each character experiences as a result of living in this period of time. 'The Drovers Wife is an example of Lawsons portrayal of solitude. There is nothing but "bush all around bush with no horizon, for the country is flat" and it is "nineteen miles to the nearest sign of civilization". The drovers wife and children are left alone, and have to work together in their struggle to endure. She has no choice, as this is the life she must lead day after day, without the support of her husband. She agonizes over the death of one of her children when she was alone, having to ride "nineteen miles for assistance, carrying her dead child." The characters in 'A double buggy at Laheys Creek also live in an isolated bush area, where "there were no railways or coaches, and the roads were long, and mostly hot and dusty". But once again, this is part of their everyday lives and contributes to the heavy toll of suffering and sadness.


Along with isolation comes the challenge of poverty. The characters face the challenge to make enough money to support their family and to maintain a relatively happy lifestyle. In 'A double buggy at Laheys Creek, Mary wants Joe to buy her a buggy, yet they never seem to have enough money, and Mary repeatedly tells Joe to "wait til [theyre] better off". Mary and Joe sacrifice parts of their lives to help support each other, and when their baby comes, Joe sells their cart "in case of extra expense". Marys desire to own a buggy causes a major argument between her and Joe, one of "the worst quarrels" they had ever had. "The Drovers Wife" also displays the poverty, which the wife and her children experience. They live in "a two-roomed house… built of round timbre, slabs, and stringy bark, and floored with split slabs". The wife has to fight floods and diseases on her own, without the aid of medicines and suitable equipment.


In comparison, both poverty and isolation create strength in each character, as their struggle to survive gives them the power to continue on with life. Mary and Joe experience failures at attempts to make money, but at the same time experience many positive outcomes. They produced "the finest crop of potatoes ever seen in the district". and they purchased a flock of sheep from which they sold the wool to. People began to talk of "Joe Wilsons Luck". As a result of their hard work, Joe was able to buy a buggy for Mary, which brought them closer together as Mary feels just like [she] did when [they] were married". Their lives are also filled with generosity and friendliness from the local people."The Drovers Wife" shows that when the wife and her children are used to living in the conditions they can and do overcome the harsh environment. Her experience with the snake builds strength within her, and she continues on the raise her family. Although all her "girlish hopes and aspirations have long been dead", she still has the chance to dream. Cheap Custom Essays on Henry Lawson portrays life as hard and difficult. Do you agree?


Lawsons reflection that life is hard is as relevant today as it was those many years ago. But rather than break people I think it makes them stronger and better able to cope with all life throws at them. If people are not tested they may go through life and never really know the depth of strengths they may possess.


Please note that this sample paper on Henry Lawson portrays life as hard and difficult. Do you agree? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Henry Lawson portrays life as hard and difficult. Do you agree?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on Henry Lawson portrays life as hard and difficult. Do you agree? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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