Types of Abortion

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Abortion is a procedure, either surgical or medical, to end a pregnancy by removing the fetus and placenta from the uterus. Any interruption of a human pregnancy before the third trimester is known as abortion. There are several different types of abortions but there are two major categories. One is a spontaneous abortion, called miscarriage. Usually this is not done intentionally and it usually happens after the first few weeks of pregnancy. A miscarriage is the natural loss of a fetus and has little danger to the mother.

Then there is the induced abortion that is done intentionally. Induced abortions are of various kinds, including nonprofessional efforts by the pregnant woman or others to end an unwanted pregnancy.

In the first week there are micro-abortions caused by 'contraceptive drugs and devices. Contraceptive agents such as intrauterine device (IUD), Norplant,

Depo- Provera, progesterone only pills, low-dose contraceptive combination pills, and the morning after pills prevent implantation which kills the unborn baby at one week of life. Custom Essays on Types of Abortion

Other abortions that are performed in the first trimester are menstrual extraction, suction aspiration, and dilation and curettage.

The menstrual extraction is done before the pregnancy test is even positive. It takes out the uterine lining and fertilized egg if present. A menstrual extraction is done by suction. A smaller tube is used which requires less dilation of the cervix.

The suction-aspiration is also known as the vacuum aspiration. It usually takes between 10 and 15 minutes and can be done safely in a clinic. It is a minor surgical abortion. The abortionist immobilizes the womb opening and stretches it open. This is often difficult because it is not ready to open. Then, a hollow plastic tube with a knife-like edge and a suction device at the other end is put into the uterus. This suction tears the babies body into pieces. Then the placenta is cut from the inner wall of the uterus. The scraps are sucked into a bin and the pieces are often recognizable. This suction is times more powerful than a home vacuum cleaner. The uterine tissue is examined to make sure that all the tissue has been removed and the abortion is complete. Sometimes a D&C is needed afterwards if all the tissue is not removed. A normal recovery includes irregular bleeding similar to a menstrual period, cramps, and emotional reactions. There is no evidence of childbearing problems among women who have had this procedure says Dr J.C Wilke.

The dilation and curettage (D&C) is used for many different reasons. The most common is used to determine the health of the uterine lining. Sometimes the procedure can correct some of the problems in the uterus such as polyps, scar tissue, or overgrowth. It is normally very short and the patient can go home soon afterwards. When a D&C is used, as an abortive method, the procedure is similar to the suction aspiration. The difference is an abortionist inserts a curette, a loop-shaped steel knife, into the uterus and cute the placenta and the baby into pieces then scrape them out into a plastic tub.

Second trimester abortions include prostaglandin, saline amniocentesis, dilation and evacuation, and intra-cardiac injections. Prostaglandins are naturally produced chemical compounds that normally assist in the birthing process. Prostaglandin is injected into the amniotic sac which induces a violent labor and the birth of a child usually too young to survive. The labor and contractions are more violent than normal and sometime the child will die from that alone.

In the 770s and 180s, the most common second trimester was the saline amniocentesis or salt poisoning abortion. An abortionist inserts a large needle into the abdominal wall of the mother and in the babys amniotic sac. A salt solution is injected into the amniotic fluid. At this point, the baby breathes in and swallows the poison. The solution also burns of the outer layer of the babys skin and the baby usually convulses, and then dies. The mother is usually also giving prostaglandin which is used to induce violent premature labor and delivery. When successful the mother goes into labor about one day later and delivers a dead baby. Some maternal deaths have been reported from accidental injection of the saline solution into the circulatory system. The deaths have been from acute kidney failure, seepage through the uterine puncture to the abdominal cavity, and from infections. J.A Stallworthy et al., "Legal Abortion A Critical Assessments of its Risks." Lancet, December 4, 176, p.145

Dilation and Evacuation (D&E) is usually done in an operating room. Sometimes a D&E is recommended for women diagnosed in the nd trimester with a fetus that has severe medical problems or abnormalities. First, a laminaria or synthetic dilator is inserted 4 hours before the procedure to help dilate the cervix. Dilating the cervix reduces the risk of any injury. An abortionist then inserts an instrument that resembles pliers into the uterus and grabs a hold of a part of the babys body, and, with a twisting motion, tears it from the babys body. This is repeated over and over again until all body parts are torn apart. The spine is then snapped in half and the skull is crushed. This is done because the spine and skull are too big to be removed.. After the procedure is done, a nurse will reassemble the body parts to make sure all of them were removed. This method is very dangerous but a report from the U.S. Center for Disease Control, stated that it is still safer for the mother than the salt poisoning or Prostaglandin method.

Multi-fetal pregnancies have become more common says William Cates, there for intra-cardiac injections are being used. This is usually used to kill a baby from a multi-fetal pregnancy or one that has birth defects. At about 4 months, a needle is inserted through the mothers abdomen, into the chest and heart of one of the fetal babies and a poison is injected to kill him or her. Sometimes this method results in the loss of all the babies.

Third Trimester Abortions include the partial birth abortion, hysterectomy, RU 486, and methotrexate. The Partial Birth Abortion (D&X) is done after 4 or 5 months of pregnancy. This procedure is one over a three-day period. The first day the patient is evaluated with an ultrasound. The womans cervix is prepped, anesthetized, and dilated to -11mm. Five, six, or seven large Dilapan is placed into the cervix to dilate over night. The second day is just more dilation and a check up. This time anywhere between 15 and 5 Dilapan are put into the cervix to help dilate over night. Then finally on the third day the surgical assistant will rupture the water bag if it has not been done already. An ultrasound is done to help the surgeon locate the position of the baby. Then the surgeon will insert a large grasping forceps through the vagina and onto the uterus. The full body, except the head, of the baby is delivered and a pair of scissors is forced into the base of the skull and the scissors are opened to make the whole larger. A suction aspiration is then performed to empty the uterus. The woman is observed for a minimum of hours following surgery. A Pad check and vital signs are taken every 0 minutes. Women with minimal bleeding after 0 minutes are encouraged to walk about the building or outside between checks. This method was abandoned decades ago because it was too dangerous. Abortionist now use something similar to the cesarean section, called the hysterectomy. (Cates 8)

Like a cesarean section, the abdomen and the womb are opened surgically. This procedure nearly almost results in a live birth. While the baby is still inside the womb, the umbilical cord may be cut which then suffocates the baby. Or the baby will be fully delivered and after it is lifted away, a nurse will place a towel over the babys head to suffocate him. By the time the baby is taken to the laboratory, he is usually already dead.

RU 486, also known as the french Abortion Pill, mifeprestone, mifeprex, is an early option pill that is used to end a pregnancy from the time you find out youre pregnant to 4 days after your last menstrual period. This pill can only be taken during this time. This method is %- 5% effective. RU 486 kills a developing baby after his or her heart has begun to beat. This drug blocks a vital nutrient hormone, Progesterone. The baby will usually starve to death and die. This type of procedure takes four visits to the clinic. During the first visit, the doctor/abortionist will do a full history, physical exam, and blood count on the woman. An Ultrasound exam is done to confirm the age of the baby and to see if there is a tubal pregnancy. The woman must also sign permission and, in some states wait one or more days. At some clinics, a counseling session is required. The second visit is very short. The woman is given two mifeprestone tablets to take. (Each containing 00 micrograms of misoprestol) Misoprestol causes uterine contractions that helps end a pregnancy. She is sent home and will return the next day for her third visit. Normally a prostaglandin drug is given to produce hard labor. Usually the body parts are delivered that day. And finally, the fourth visit is just to check if the pregnancy has completely ended. The fourth visit is especially important because if she has not completely aborted or if there is still bleeding, she will need an ultrasound to determine if the uterus is empty. If not, a D&C procedure is done. Sometimes a D&C is performed just because the woman is bleeding badly.

RU 486 will produce an abortion 5% of the time. The other 5% will be advised to have a surgical abortion. If the RU 486 doesnt work and the mother decides to carry the baby full term, there could be long-term complications for the infant. These deformities can either show up at birth or 0 years later. These drugs can result in a heart attack of the woman so therefore, a crash cart with defibrillator, EKG, and IV equipment are in the facility.

There is another type of pill that is called methotrexate. It was invented to attack fast growing cancer cell but it is also kills an unborn baby. It works roughly within the same time frame as RU 486, but in a different fashion. RU 486 starves the baby until it dies; where as, methotrexate is a direct poison and kills the developing baby. Methotrexate is administered by an intramuscular injection instead of a pill. (Hausknecht, M.D. "New England Journal of Medicine p. ) It disintegrates the protective and nourishing enviroment killing the baby after his or her heart has begun to beat. The baby dies of not only starvation but of oxygen and fluids, he or she needs to survive. This pill works along with prostaglandin. Just like the RU 486 pill, a mother can abort anywhere from to 7 days later.

There are risks that occur with any abortion done. The most common side effects are nausea, cramping, diarrhea, bone marrow depression, severe anemia, and liver damage. One of the risks following a surgical abortion is that scar tissue will form in the uterus, making it difficult to conceive again because the fetus cannot implant on the scar tissue. Scar tissue can also block the fallopian tubes either partially or completely which often results in an "ectopic" or "tubal" pregnancy. ("BC Health Guide" p1)

If even a tiny piece of tissue remains, severe infection can develop. This infection can lead to bleeding, cramping, fever, and even sterility. That is why after several abortions a D&C is done.

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Alienation in "The Dead" and "Metamorphosis"

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Alienation in "The Dead" and "Metamorphosis"

In both Joyces The Dead, and Kafkas Metamorphosis, the central character is suffering from a severe alienation about their self. Gabriel, in Joyces The Dead, believes he is the one true love in Grettas life. When this deception is shown Gabriels world becomes shattered. Also, in The Metamorphosis, Gregor Samka realizes that he is only a pain in society, and his whole life is changed in self-esteem. The importance of self knowledge becomes apparent in these two tales.

In The Dead, James Joyce, shows the life of a man loaded with self deception. Gabriel is secure in the knowledge that he is smarter than his companions, and that he is on a social level far apart from the people around him. Gabriel states He was undecided about the lines from Robert Browning for he feared that they would be above the heads of his hearers (Dead, 148). He ranks his superior knowledge and social precision above the rest of his family, treating them like a subclass of mortality that has been left untouched. His wife shows mockery at the fact that the majority of the people at the party do not even grasp the concept of galoshes, which is a necessity of life that has not been passed down to the less fortunate. Gabriels shame for his family is easily perceived. He speaks down to them, refuses to learn their common language, and prefers to escape away from their land as much as possible. When he is asked about this shame, he becomes very upset and even attacks back at his family. O, to tell you the truth, retorted Gabriel suddenly, Im sick of my own country, sick of it (The Dead, 154). All of the illusions came crashing down when Gabriel realized that even the lowest among his family had the one thing that he lacked, and that was true love. Gabriel then realized that although Gretta cares for him, he does not have the depth of feeling that she has for the young boy that has given his life for her, nor will he ever realize the emotion. As you can see the destruction of identity is when Joyce describes Gabriel here, His own identity was fading out into a grey impalpable world . . . (the Dead, 174). Buy Alienation in "The Dead" and "Metamorphosis" term paper

In Kafkas Metamorphosis, Gregors subconscious an conscious realization of identity are separated and then at that only joined through his actual transformation. When the story begins, Gregor is transformed into a large, roach like creature, which is a representation of his place in society. A common laborer, in which he toils away at his daily routine, Gregor is nothing more than an insect to the powers that are in society. Even his family has no respect for him and forces him to provide, rather than sharing that duty. Throughout the story, as Gregors awareness of his position proceeds, he loses more and more of his human attributes. The climax of his transformation occurs when he looses the majority of his human like qualities. He crawls across the walls with recklessness and only cares about his own feelings. This is all destroyed when he comes to the realization that his family is going to remove his last link to humanity, and that is his picture. There is the first and last time he is addressed as a human after he has changed in physical appearance. This final incident forces Gregors conscious mind to associate with his subconscious mind and he begins to understand his new place in society, which is closely joined with his former place.

Both Kafka and Joyce examine the illusions that pass our subjective realities, Joyce testing the extent of love and Kafka digging deep into the loyalties of family and place of the worker. Joyce builds up to a high understanding once his character has discovered his illusions, while Kafka starts off with his character understanding his illusions subconsciously and works towards a placing both the conscious and subconscious mind. Kafka also takes a drastically more difficult route, that is transforming his character from humanity to the appearance of an insect. This transformation may not even be physical, just the disturbed ramblings of an insane mind. As Gregor became more distraught with his lack of advancement and resentment of his family, his outward appearance had become cold and hostile and less than human, while not being quite as impossible as a transformation into an insect. Joyce, on the other hand, battles a more common subject, which is love. He takes a typical situation with two typical lovers, and twists the ending from what is expected to show the barriers that exist between the understandings of men and women. So as you can see in both of the stories Joyce and Kafka both demonstrate a sense of alienation.

Please note that this sample paper on Alienation in "The Dead" and "Metamorphosis" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Alienation in "The Dead" and "Metamorphosis", we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Alienation in "The Dead" and "Metamorphosis" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Witness

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Witness. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Witness paper right on time.

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Witness Appearance and Reality

I have chosen the scene of the 'Barn Raising, and the theme that I have chosen is 'Appearance and Reality. In this scene we can see the acceptance of Book and the reality about Books personality.

We as an audience can see the acceptance of Book as he is using his skill as a carpenter to an effective use. It has also come apparent to us that the Amish have accepted him by the Amish sharing the drink with him, and by the Amish shaking his hand. The appearance of Book is the stereotype of the culture of the 'English rough, uncaring, unhelpful, no sense of community. But in this scene, Book shows his sense of community, his helpfulness. By this point in the movie, we understand that Book is not a stereotype, and we understand that you simply cannot generalise any cultures.

Rachel seems at first to be a stereotypical girl in an action movie helpless. And because of her cultural background we expect her to be flawless. As the movie progresses we can see that both of these presumptions are incorrect. She has flaws which we can see because she has fallen for an 'outsider…Book, and the Amish community arent accepting it as well as she would like. And she indeed is not helpless; we can see her independence as she can take care of Samuel all by herself. Help with essay on Witness

Through Book being a representative of the 'English and also being represented as the hero, he is linked to the plot and the sub-plot. He is linked to the plot, as he is Detective Book the hero. And he is linked to the sub-plot as he has fallen for one of the Amish ladies, and as I have stated before, this is not acceptable by Amish customs. The secret rivalry between Book and Daniel reinforces the fact that Daniel is jealous of Book and that it is not acceptable. Book and Daniel still remain friends even though they have a surreptitious rivalry going on.

Peter Weir has used contradictions in this film, the Amish are meant to be nice and helpful to all, but at the start of the film Rachel is very reluctant to help Book. And another contradiction is that the 'English culture is meant to be unhelpful. This contradicts with Books character, for we know that Book is not at all like that.

The music that is used in the 'Barn Raising scene is the music that the Amish would get when the scene would only portray the Amish. This also shows that the Amish have accepted Book and have recognized his 'real personality.

The sense of community in the Amish community is important, for the Amish would have to stick together to survive. The Amish rely only on themselves, not others. In this scene Peter Weir uses a long shot of the whole community to show that they have all gathered around as a community and that they all have a common goal.

This scene in the film 'Witness is important in showing Books true character, and the feeling of community that the Amish have about them. It is equally important because we understand that now the Amish have accepted Book.

Please note that this sample paper on Witness is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Witness, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Witness will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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