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Thursday, November 21, 2019

Analysis of articles

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ARTICLE 1.


1. State the type of text- letter to the editor, editorial etc. - In her letter to the editor titled, Dont dump waste, L. Bourke argues, claims, asserts, advocates, contends …………


Writers main contention- state the writers main contention and mention a couple of the main reasons given to support his contention.


- the author supports this view by highlighting- claims that


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- asserts that- discusses- addresses the issue of


- establishes the view that- raises the question about


- shows partiality towards…. (government)- demonstrates the significance of


. Headline comment on the language in the headline.


In the headline the use of twice suggests….. this has the intended effect of making the reader feel…… The photograph illustrating…enhances this negative feel.


-State what the headline is trying to draw your attention to.


-Is it taking a side on the issue


-What words are most important


The reader then begins the article having already been made to consider the article in a negative light and the writer (name) begins the article with a statement….


. Tone- what tone of voice is used? Angry? Committed? conversational? You must give examples and quotes of the language used.


-in an angry outburst the writer demands


-the words,…..,……. Suggest that the writer is…..


-the writer addresses the issue by using a conversational tone


-the writer immediately catches our attention when he urges us to…


-he suggests sinister motives


tone words- cynical, sarcastic, disappointed, appalled, approving, passionate, aggressive, mocking, forceful, persuasive, sinister


4.Persuasive techniques - look for examples of assumptions, analogies, rhetorical questions, repetition. Use of experts? Use of statistics? You must state the effect each technique has on the reader.


How- the writers use of expert opinion- use of cold hard statistics


- the writers rhetorical style/ dramatic use of rhetorical questions


- convincing arguments- authoritative voice


Why- this language is designed to provoke


- Arouses deep concern- affirms in the readers mind….(the credibility of the arg.)


-positions the reader to accept


Success- for the reader, this article produces…


- a readers response might well be to…


- the perceptions of the reader are sharpened by….


PERSUASIVE TECHNIQUES


- Expressive vocabulary- rhetorical questions


-Quoting authorities- expert evidence and statistics


In quoting authorities, the writer captures the readers attention by stating….


- repetition - the writer repeatedly uses the term we to demand the reader to do more to help the drugs battle.


In the debate over heroin injecting rooms, some supporters use language to create a scare scenario. They say that without such facilities the community is increasingly placed at risk, as contaminated syringes are left lying around beaches and playgrounds.


5. Conclusion- the way the writer concludes. Does the author present lasting message or effect.


Eg. Whilst this is a cautious article, the writer manages to persuade the reader with a repetition of rhetorical questions that injecting rooms should not be established in Victoria.


1-WHAT is being said? Important phrases, words


-HOW are they saying it? Techniques used


-WHY are they saying it? Purpose/ intended effect on the reader


4-SUCCESS is the intended effect successful


Intended effect- what is the reader led to think feel do after reading certain words/phrases that the writer uses.


Eg Supporters of injecting rooms may try to shake the certainty of opponents and create doubts in their minds.


Article +


1. General introduction


. introduction to article 1.


. Analyse article 1.


4. conclude article 1


5. intro to article


6. analyse article


7. conclude article


8. synthesis- include a paragraph comparing and contrasting the articles/ difference and similarities.


While L. Bourke in their article titled…… adopts a calm tone, the


.General Conclusion


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Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Philosophy of Nursing

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I believe that personal philosophy is based on knowledge. In 171 Kneeler described five kinds of knowledge (cited in Blais, Hayes, Kozier and Erb, 00 , p. ); revealed- disclosed by god, intuitive- based in self-discovery, rational - logic derived, empirical - based on observation or experiment, and authoritative- vouched for by authorities. At times, knowledge is gained through epiphany, and our own life experience (revealed and intuitive). At other times we learn from the experiences and experiments of others (authoritative and empirical). Sometimes we know things are so because they just make sense (rational). Learning is a life long process. As our knowledge increases our personal philosophy grows, the two becoming tightly woven about one another and becoming ultimately inseparable.


My personal philosophy defines who I am as a human being. It shapes my life and drives my daily experience as I interact with myself, my family, strangers, my environment, and my world. The keystone of my personal philosophy is listed by Watson, as one of the critical values in Nursing; "a belief in the dignity and worth of each person" (as cited in Blais, Hayes, Kozier and Erb, 00, p. 15). A second fundamental piece of my personal philosophy is the Native American proverb 'before you can know someone you must walk two moons in their moccasins. I remember vividly the first time I was introduced the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (Anonymous, Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and More, 001). At last! A short cut to walking two moons, a way to understand someone by looking at their circumstances. Maslows theory prioritizes human needs from most basic physiologic needs such as oxygen, food, water and constant body temperature, necessary to maintain life, to the ultimate human potential, self-actualization.


How then does a personal philosophy integrate with the elements of nursing practice, environment, health, illness, and nursing? What follows is an exploration of how my personal views integrate with the philosophies of other nurses in terms of environment, health, illness and nursing,


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Environment


A definition of environment will vary from one person to another. Blais. Hayes, Kozier and Erb (00) define environment as "the internal & external surroundings that effect the client, including people in the physical environment, such as families friends, and significant others"(pg. 1). Rogers describes environment as "all that is outside a given human field" (as cited in Blais et al., 00, p. 4). I would go even further than Rogers and add 'throughout their existence". In other words, our environment is everything we interact with throughout our lives. If we consider Rogerss broad definition of environment, an individuals environment extends through their interaction with other s. When I interact with another, their environment becomes part of mine because it defines their reality and their reality interacts with mine. Further, past experiences with our environment pattern present and future interactions. Following this chain of thought, we truly see environment as infinite. On more a practical level, the key concept for me,, our environment determines where we are on Maslows Hierarchy. Where we are on Maslows Hierarchy affects our interaction with our environment and that includes the nurse-patient relationship.


Health


Health has been described as the absence of disease. Nightingale (cited in Blais, Hayes, Kozier and Erb, 00) defined health as a state of "being well and using every power the individual possesses to the fullest extent."(pg 7) The World Health Organization (cited in Blais et al., 00) defines health "as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."(p.7) My definition of health would include a little Maslow in the mix; health is a state of physical, mental and social well being which allows the individual to work towards self-actualization.


Illness


Illness is defined by Blais, Hayes, Kozier and Erb ( 00) as "a highly personal state in which the person feels ill. Illness is highly subjective and only the individual person can say he or she is ill." (p. 8) Once again, I would toss a little Maslow in and define illness as any internal condition that infers with the individuals ability to achieve self-actualization. Any internal condition that interferes with an individuals ability to meet their need for oxygen prevents attainment of self-actualization and causes a state of illness. Any condition that interferes with an individuals ability to meet their need for nutrition prevents attainment of self-actualization and causes a state of illness. Any internal condition that interferes with the individuals ability to be secure, belong, or maintain self respect prevents attainment of self actualization and causes a state of illness.


Nursing


The definition of nursing depends on the theorist. Henderson, in 155, (cited in Blais, Hayes, Kozier and Erb, 00) defines the function of the nurse "to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to the health or recovery that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible."(p. ) Jacobs (001) defines Nursing as "respect of human dignity". She further states; "Nursings central phenomenon …is to ennoble the lives of the people who nurses relate to in community"(pg?). Still adding a little Maslow into the mix, I define Nursing as ennobling the lives of our clients by assisting them in the activities they would perform themselves in their journey towards self actualization, in such a way as to help them gain independence as rapidly as possible.


It is very difficult to face the demands of caring for people from day to day with out the solid foundation of a personal philosophy. Ethical issues are a frequent component of nursing in the twenty first century. A sound personal and nursing philosophy is required to deal compassionately and comfortably with issues such as abortion, allocation of resources, termination of health care efforts, use of restraints, caring for prisoners, etc. For me, investigation and development of a personal philosophy is a prerequisite for a joyful life and a fulfilling career in nursing.


References


Anonymous. (001, October 15). [Maslows Hierarchy of Needs] Retrieved April , 00, from Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and More http//www.connect.net/georgen/maslow.htm


Blais, K., RN, Ed.D, Hayes, J. S., RN, Ph.D, Kozier, B., RN, MN, & Erb, G. R. B. (00). Professional Nursing Practice, 4th ed.. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Prentice Hall.


Edwards, S. D., (001). Benner and Wrubel on caring in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, (), 167-171.


Jacobs, B. B. (001). Respect for human dignity A central phenomenon to philosophically unite nursing theory and practice through consilience of knowledge. Advances in Nursing Science, 4(1), 17-5.


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DRINKING AND DRIVING

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Mr. Speaker, this past week in my district I had the privilege and the opportunity to present the first-ever Freedom Works Award to Emmit Smith, runningback for the Dallas Cowboys. It was a great privilege for me to do that in that in my initial discussions with Emmit about the opportunity to receive this award, which was created to acknowledge and recognize individuals for their personal service in their communities, that Emmit Smith insisted that, if the award were to be given, that it should be about neither football nor politics but about service. I applauded him for his point of view and said that he was exactly right.


Emmit Smith is a person that has done exemplary service in his community in a quiet way through Emmit Smith Charities. He has followed up on his initial expression of service and appreciation by keeping his promise to his mother, and in his off-season, even though he obviously has no economic need to do so, Emmit Smith went back and completed his college education and received his degree as a tribute to his mother and the promise that he made.


In addition to that, through Emmit Smith Charities he has personally provided over ,000 meals to distressed families in the community during holiday seasons and using that as an opportunity to express his conviction that freedom works best when it is expressed in service to people other than yourself.


What really touches me most about Emmit Smith and his work in the community is that he actively seeks out through Emmit Smith Charities distressed children in distressed communities in distressed homes and provides for them his personal encouragement; that if you will attend to your studies and if you will keep yourself clean of drugs, violence, and crime, and if you will do your work in your home and in your own community, that Emmit Smith himself will pay for their college education.


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What better illustration of an individual who does not need to but feels compelled, out of his own commitment, to serve, to look after the needs of other people? I was proud to have that time with Emmit Smith. I hope that his receiving of this award will stand as an example to others to put freedom first through service to others.


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