Students should spend more time in extra curricular activities

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Does any one think about the pressure exerted on animals at the torture lab for the use of medical experiments? Students often tend to get depressed about their academic career at a very early stage of their life. Today I am on stage to argue on topic which is recently getting reckoned as a burning issue in student community and student welfare associations. That is "More time should be spent on extra-curricular activities". If a glass has water half way through it one might think that the glass is half full. One might think that the glass is half empty. It all depends on the way you see it. On the way one observes the severity of it. But there is no way to twist todays topic of discussion from the simple single word answer of YES.

There is a saying that "A sound mind in a sound body. Sports are all-important. Cut back on sports if they interfere with schoolwork. Team sports exert a strong hold on our culture. But the question is do sports affect student learning? In moderation, participation is healthy. For academically weak students, sports can make school more attractive and reinforce the importance of being a good student. Sacrificing study time means sacrificing the future. If students are failing classes, or are in danger of failing, a tough choice must be made. It should be based on what enhances a childs future. Adult income, health, rates of alcoholism, teen parenthood and the probability of committing a crime all are statistically correlated with education. None of them is correlated with the ability to play sports.

Spending more time in extra curricular activities does not mean to concentrate only in the other activities. The catch is students shouldnt contribute more time than studying but they should give their most possible to other activities without affecting original studying time.

In internationally recognized educational qualifications like 'O Levels/GCSE, 'A Levels/GCE, and IB international baccalaureate programme a student has to go through intensive CAS. CAS stands for Creativity, Action and Service. Under these programmes a student has to produce something creative, has to take active part sports or activities which includes direct action and has to render his/her to the community for social welfare of people around you. This not only brings out the potentials inside a student but is a helping hand towards todays recent issues.

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If a student is not introduced to different co-curricular activities it is unfair on the students as they dont get to express themselves. An exposure to non academic activities might open career doors for a student. A student might be exceptional in computing, technology, sports or public speaking but just because of lack of interest or opportunities he/she might lose golden opportunities to be future leaders. Spending time in such activities broadens ones educational boundaries and knowledge. Doing research in the internet for seminars, making posters for activity campaigns, writing speech or debate topics to carry out such tasks a student has to go through major archives of information and resource centers. This of course extends the students vocabulary about different subject matter and makes him/her multi-skilled. Devotion and endeavor in such activities shows the students willingness to excel both in academic and non-academic fields.

Thus I bring the discussion to a logical closing stage stating that students should spend more time than average in extracurricular activities without neglecting and having a negative effect in studies.

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Critical Lens- Essay Quote of Duff Brenna

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Duff Brenna once said, "All literature shows us the power of emotion. It is emotion, not reason, that motivates characters in literature." This quotation implies that characters act according to how they feel at a particular moment, without a sense of purpose. This emotion forces a character to act rashly and tactlessly. The Mayor of Casterbridge, by Thomas Hardy, and Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, both feature characters that are motivated by emotion rather than reason.

In The Mayor of Casterbridge, the characterization of Henchard shows that emotions are a controlling factor of a characters actions. When Henchards emotions overcame his reason, he sold his wife and daughter for five guineas. Although Henchard loved his wife and daughter, when he was inebriated enough, alcohol and his bad emotions suddenly took over. Henchard felt that his family was hindering his economic and social growth. Rashly, Henchard feels that he doesnt need his family as a burden so he sells them. Had Henchard thought about what he was doing, he would have stopped immediately but at that moment all his emotion for prosperity were motivating Henchard to get rid of them.

In Macbeth, it is emotion, not reason, that compels Macbeth to murder his king and fellow warrior. Macbeth tries to apply reason to the predictions of the three witches. He is "aided" in his reasoning by his wife who convinces Macbeth that he is deserving of the crown. However, Macbeths passion for kingship ultimately leads to King Duncans demise. When considering the murder of King Duncan, Macbeths reason conflicts with his ambition. In addition, Macbeth wants to defeat the prophecy that fellow warrior Banquo will give forth kings. Macbeths emotion and hatred causes him to kill Banquo, believing that with Banquo dead his progeny will not achieve the crown. However, this is incorrectly applied as Fleance, son of Banquo, escapes. Macbeth failed to look at the whole picture using his reasoning and therefore he was defeated.

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Estimation of the Optimum pH for Invertase

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Introduction

Invertase is a yeast-derived enzyme that is mainly used in the food (confections) industry where it helps prevent sugar crystallization in confections by hydrolysis of sucrose to yield glucose and fructose (http//www.invertase.net/00000.htm).

Sucrose + HO --- glucose + fructose

An enzyme is a catalytic protein that changes the rate of a reaction without itself being consumed by the reaction. Due to its proteinous nature, invertase is sensitive to its environment. In particular, changes in temperature and pH would affect rate of enzyme activity (Campbell & Reece 00). Under optimal pH and temperature, rate of hydrolysis of sucrose would be at its maximum. This would then increase the rate of industrial processes involving the enzyme.Custom writing service can write essays on Estimation of the Optimum pH for Invertase

The aim of this study was to estimate the optimum pH for invertase by observing the extent of reaction on sucrose when it is subjected to solutions of invertase maintained at different pH levels. The extent of reaction on sucrose could be measured qualitatively using the Benedicts test for reducing sugars.

Methods

1 millilitre (mL) each of invertase at pH , 4, 7, and 11 was drawn out of the conical flasks they were in by using a French pipette. This was then added to each of 5 test tubes labeled with the respective pH values. 1 mL of distilled water was added to a 6th test tube, which was used as a control for the experiment. 1 mL of sucrose solution at 50 g/mL was added to each of the 6 test tubes using the French pipette again. (Water was added to the control to ensure that the volume of solution in all test tubes, and hence, concentration of the sucrose solution, was constant throughout the 6 test tubes.) All 6 test tubes were simultaneously placed in a water bath at 7oC for 5 minutes. This allowed invertase to catalyze the hydrolysis of sucrose at its optimum temperature. The 6 test tubes were then taken out of the water bath. A drop of Benedicts solution was added to each of the 6 test tubes. The test tubes were shaken well to ensure homogeneity of the solution. The 6 test tubes were then placed in another water bath at 85oC for a further 5 minutes. Benedicts solution would only act on reducing sugars in the solution (if present) at such a temperature. The test tubes were then taken out of the water bath and observed for any precipitate formed in the solution and the colour of the precipitate, if it was formed. The entire procedure was repeated twice, to obtain accuracy for the experiment.

Results

Benedicts solution remained blue in all of the test tubes with the exception of the test tube containing invertase at pH 4. In that test tube, orange precipitate was formed. This indicated that reducing sugars, in this case glucose and fructose, were present only in the test tube containing invertase at pH 4. This indicates that pH 4 is the optimal pH for invertase amongst the pH levels given.

Table 1. Results of the sucrose hydrolysis test when invertase was subjected to a range of pH

pH of buffered solution containing invertaseBenedicts solutionPresence of Reducing Sugars

Remained blueNone

4Orange precipitate formedIn moderate quantity

7Remained blueNone

Remained blueNone

11Remained blueNone

ControlRemained blueNone

The results were similar for the replicates.

Conclusion

From the pH values tested, the optimal pH for invertase would be at pH 4. Benedicts solution registered a positive test at pH 4, i.e. precipitate was formed in the solution. This indicates that invertase had catalyzed the hydrolysis of sucrose to fructose and glucose, both of which are reducing sugars.

(Benedicts solution tests for free aldehydes and ketones, either of which can be found in reducing sugars. Disaccharides like sucrose do not have free aldehydes or ketones and hence would not form precipitates in Benedicts solution.) (Richard M. McCourt)

At pH , 4, 7, , 11, Benedicts solution remained blue. This indicates that invertase had not catalyzed the hydrolysis of sucrose to fructose and glucose.

Changes to the pH of the environment affect the ionization of an enzymes amino acid side chains. At pH , the environment was too acidic for invertase to function. Additional H+ reacted with the carboxyl groups of the amino acids of the protein. This disrupted the ionic bonding of the protein at the tertiary structure, causing the enzyme to unfold. At pH 7, and 11, the environment was too alkaline for invertase to function. Additional OH- reacted with the amino groups of the amino acids of the protein. This too disrupted the ionic bonding at the tertiary structure, causing the enzyme to denature. (Campbell & Reece 00)

This experiment did not attain its objective in estimating the optimal pH in which invertase functions. Of the 5 pH values tested, only 1 resulted in a change in Benedicts solution, i.e. invertase catalyzed the hydrolysis of sucrose in only 1 of the 5 test tubes. This is insufficient to show or even estimate what the optimal pH for invertase is. As such, more values between the ranges of pH to pH 7 should be taken.

(add graph for rxn vs pH. Explain range.)

It should be noted that the precipitate obtained in test tube containing invertase at pH 4 was orange. Benedicts solution turns brick red when the percentage of reducing sugars in the solution is very high. This further suggests that pH 4 is not the optimal pH for invertase and that the optimal pH is slightly higher.

In fact, contrary to most other enzymes, invertase exhibits relatively high activity over a broad range of pH (.5--5.5), with the optimum near pH=4.5. (http//www.glue.umd.edu/~nsw/ench485/lab14.htm) This correlates with the results of this experiment, where invertase catalyzed the hydrolysis of sucrose at pH 4 (within the range) while at pH , 7, and 11 (outside of range), catalysis did not seem to occur.

A colorimeter could be used to increase the accuracy of the experiment. Since this experiment essentially estimates the rate of reaction of invertase-catalyzed hydrolysis by means of the Benedicts test, much hinges on the colour difference in precipitates formed in the Benedicts solution. This is subjective and it might be hard to differentiate between shades of orange precipitates, for instance. A colorimeter would be able to differentiate the shades of a colour more objectively.

References

CAMPBELL, N.A. and REECE, J.B. 00, Biology, 6th Ed, Benjamin Cummings

McCOURT, R.M. 188, Lab Manual to Accompany Biology, 1st Ed, Random House Inc

NAM, S.W., Experiment No. 14 Enzyme Kinetics of Invertase via Initial Rate Determination. Retrieved April 4th, 00 from University of Maryland website

http//www.glue.umd.edu/~nsw/ench485/lab14.htm

Invertase 00 000. Retrieved April 4th, 00 from http//www.invertase.net/00000.htm

Please note that this sample paper on Estimation of the Optimum pH for Invertase is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Estimation of the Optimum pH for Invertase, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Estimation of the Optimum pH for Invertase will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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