ALCOHOLISM AND INPATIENT TREATMENT

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Alcoholism, also known as alcohol dependence, is a disease that is characterized by the following symptoms

Craving - a strong need, or compulsion to drink

Loss of control - the inability to limit ones

drinking on any given occassion Cheap Custom Essays on ALCOHOLISM AND INPATIENT TREATMENT

Physical dependence - the occurrence of withdrawal

symptoms, such as nausea, sweating, shakiness and

anxiety, when alcohol use is stoped after a period

of heavy drinking

Tolerance - the need for increasing amounts of

alcohol in order to get high

Alcoholism is a chronic, often progressive disease with symptoms that include a strong need to drink despite negative consequences, such as serious job or health problems. Like many diseases it has a generally predictable course, has recognized symptoms and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Alcoholism is an equal opportunity disease, striking persons of every economic class and race, both genders and many ages.

Private treatment for alcoholism and drug abuse expanded greatly beginning in the late 170s. Between 178 and 184 the number of beds in private alcoholism treatment centers more than quadrupled. In the 180s, hospitalization of adolescents in private psychiatric facilities for drug and alcohol jumped 450 percent. This has resulted in a tremendous cost, to individuals and the nation. Alcohol is a contributing factor in up to 1/ of road traffic accidents and complicates up to 0 percent of general hospital admissions. Alcoholism is the third leading health problem in the United States.

Inpatient treatment programs for alcoholism are basically approached using similar methods among all facilities. Facilities utilize a multi-disciplinary team of certified counselors and medical professionals to achieve two main objectives,

1. Arrest the disease

. Provide the needed support to the recovery process

Inpatient length of stays can range from twenty-one to ninety days. Inpatient treatment only for detoxification is generally three to four days.

Following are the six main components of inpatient treatment programs.

1.) Assessment and Treatment Planning

.) Education

.) Individual Therapy

4.) Group Therapy

5.) Family Therapy

6.) Introduction to Self-Help Programs

Quitting drinking is only the first step in recovering from alcoholism. Learning to live without alcohol requires adjustment in attitudes, values and lifestyles. Abstinence is the abscence of alcohol, sobriety is a way of life. Recovery begins where formal treatment leaves off, and this lifelong process never ends. ONLINE SOURCES

Betty Ford Center, www.bettyfordcenter.org

Quest Publishing Co., Inc., www.questpub.com

The National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug

Information, www.health.org

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA),

www.niaa.nih.gov

University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, www.uth.tmc.edu.html

ARTICLE, MAGAZINE

The Harvard Mental Health Letter, December 16, 8-50. (no vol. or issue number)

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A Netherlandish Carved Altarpiece c. 1510

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A Netherlandish Carved Altarpiece c. 1510

The oak altarpiece of about 1510 from Brussels in the Royal Ontario Museum is attributed to the Borman workshop. Similar to other altarpieces of the time, the corpus assumes the form of an inverted "T". In the central compartment, there is a representation of the Nativity / the Adoration of the Shepherd. The left compartment features Presentation in the Temple, at the moment of Christs circumcision. On the right, we see an image of the Adoration of the Magi. Above the central scene, there is a Coronation of the Virgin. In the bottom compartment contains two prophets holding scrolls of the Holy Scriptures. The retables possible placement on the high altar, where the Eucharist is celebrated, explains the limitation of its subject matters. The carved altarpiece functions as an illustration of the central themes of the Mass, and aid for meditation and a suitable backdrop for the moment of consecration. The examination of the original position and appearance of the reredos provides insight to the ritual practice of the Mass, the religious sentiments and the creative process of the early sixteenth century.

The attention to details, the exotic garments and the twisting poses associate the piece with Jan Borman and his workshop in Brussels. The ROM retable is full of rich surface details. The exquisitely carved figure of the kneeling king in the foreground of the Adoration of the Magi has curvy hair, which the carver describes in fine details. The soldier standing near him whose back is toward the viewer shows the diamond-patterns of his garment. The clothing of the characters also demonstrates an interest in exoticism1. The hats of the three kings are very elaborately decorated with an impression of foreignness. The hat of the oldest king is placed in the central foreground as if the carver is eager to display his ability to realize such wonderful details to the viewer. A few figures in the foregrounds turn their back to us, which is a distinct element of Jan Borman the Elder. The shepherd on the right of the Nativity twists his body exaggeratedly with his back to us turning to his right to acknowledge the Child. He also gestures to the Baby in the centre with his left hand. The figure standing in the front on the extreme right of the Presentation duplicates the posture of the shepherd. Most of the figures in the foreground are sculpted in the round and on an individual block of wood, which demonstrate the characteristics of the Brussels workshops.

According to the images in contemporary paintings and pages from books of hours, carved altarpiece is usually placed behind the high altar. The most frequently quoted source of the location of the wooden reredos is Rogier van der Weydens painted altarpiece Seven Sacraments (fig.1). In the background of the central panel, a priest is shown in front of a sculpted retable, at the moment of consecration. The piece is located about two bays away from the very east end of the church. The building might be a pilgrimage church that has multiple chapels in the choir. People are shown walking around and behind the high altar. However, it is clear that the reredos is placed on the altar, upon which Mass is celebrated. Also, in a miniature depicting Philip the Good at Mass (fig. ), a carved retable in an inverted "T" shape is in front of the priest who is conducting a service.Two arches which suggest the space of two bays are shown behind the curtains that confine the space where the Mass takes place. The reredos also seems to have been installed on the high altar, which is placed right in front of the east end. The piece in ROM might have possibly been installed on an altar in a similar position.

Retables appear to be closely connected with the ritual of the Mass, which commemorates the birth, the life and the death of Jesus Christ. Netherlandish carved altarpieces from Brussels and Antwerp usually consist of narratives from the Infancy of Christ, the Passion and the Life of the Virgin the major themes of the Mass4. The narrative elements of the altarpiece prove further that the reredos plays an important role in the liturgical ceremony. The oak retable in ROM has a cycle of narratives that can be associated with the Incarnation of Christ, which is the central mystery of the Christian faith and is a typical subject for Netherlandish sculpted reredos. The Nativity is depicted in the central compartment of the ROM altarpiece. The scene of Jesuss birth is emphasized by its central position and a higher elevation than the two scenes flanking it. In the moment of consecration, the priest would lift up the wafer facing the centre of the altarpiece as it is shown in the background of van den Weydens Seven Sacraments (fig. 4). The Child lying on the ground is located on the axis, a position approximately coincides with where the wafer may be upon the altar. The congregation would definitely relate the wafer to the Saviour who is represented in the form of flesh in the altarpiece. The wafer, which is transformed into the real flesh of Jesus when consecrated, is juxtaposed with the form of the Child in the altarpiece. The retable gives a visual account of what is said in the Mass therefore it is suitable to be the backdrop to the celebration of the Eucharist5.

The shape of the case of the retable also bares close relation to the consecration of the Host. The altarpiece in ROM assumes the form of an inverted "T" with an elevated centre. It is also seen in The Nordingra Passion altarpiece from Brussels (fig. ), the reredos in Seven Sacraments (fig. 4), and the one in Philip the Good at Mass (fig. ). The inverted "T" shape seems to be the typical form for the body of the Netherlandish carved reredos according to the surviving pieces. The elevation of the central section imitates the priests movement of consecration, when he lifts up the Host. In the early sixteenth century, the climax of the Mass is considered to be the Elevation of the Host instead of the reception of the mass, when the individual consume the wafer and drink the wine6. The shape of the retable emphasizes the most dramatic moment of the ceremony visually.

The carved reredos might also function as a visual attraction that draws the congregations attention to the altar. The services are still said in Latin in early sixteenth century before the reform. The laity who does not know Latin would just sit through the ceremony not understanding what the priest is saying. Thus, having a visual companion that matches the content of the Mass help the lay congregation to concentrate on and to partake in the spiritual experience 7. Arts chief function in the late medieval period is to educate and inform the illiterate people and to enrich their meditation. The retable in ROM depicts the story of Jesuss birth in the manger, His circumcision, and the Adoration of the Magi. These narrative scenes help the viewer to concentrate on the idea that God became flesh and provide many details for meditation. Moreover, the scenes of adoration of the Virgin, the shepherds, and the Magi invite the spectators to do the same to worship the Christ.

The carved altarpiece might very possibly have been gilded in gold and polychromed, though no trace of the original paint can to be found in the piece any more now8. Polychromy is referred to as an indispensable part of Netherlandish sculpted retables in the contracts between artists and their patrons. The unpainted altarpieces are considered as "rough" and "bare", in other words, unfinished. The piece in ROM is very likely one of the many wooden retables sold in the Pand market in Antwerp, where art works and other luxurious objects are displayed from 1460 to 1560. It is probably painted as it is in the case of the other uncommissioned ones that are made between 1400-1550. A polychromed piece is much more desirable than an unpainted one to the churchgoers in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, when the late medieval taste still prevails. The overall appearance of gold with primary colours such as red, blue, and white, makes altarpieces appear precious like jewels10. Abbot Suger, who is considered the patron of the first completely Gothic11 church, claims that beautiful and multicoloured gems can direct ones meditation to the Divine and to the higher realms1.

Almost simultaneous with the development of altarpieces, private devotion becomes very popular in northern Europe, especially among the laity. Growing numbers of small devotional images in the forms of diptyches, triptychs and multitychs, and the popularity of books of hours indicate a strong desire to confront God directly. The main purpose of artworks in this period of time is to aid the viewer in his meditation that he may experience the Divine. Therefore, a gilded and painted altarpiece with brilliant colours, which suggests a sense of preciousness, is helpful in leading the congregation who sit facing the retable to contemplate God.

Futhermore, to have the retable gilded using gold leaves marks the holiness of the altar, upon which the ritual of the Eucharist is performed. Gold is suggested to be a material that symbolizes God. In Song of Songs, the Shulamite describes her Beloved, who stands for the Lord "His head is like the finest gold" (510). Furthermore, the retable being gilded in gold makes it appear in harmony with the other objects that are on the altar during the Mass, such as chalices, candlesticks, monstrance, which are made in gold also1.

The standardisation of iconography, subject and the overall arrangement of the figures suggest that the retable in ROM as well as many surviving Netherlandish carved altarpieces are made for the open market without commissions. With a few exceptions, all Brabantine carved reredos of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries have an elevated centre, a similarity that is impossible to be overlooked14. Moreover, the subject matter restricts to only Infancy, Passion or the Life of the Virgin. The ROM retable shows the combination of the Infancy and the Life of the Virgin cycles. A Brussels altarpiece of 1510-15 depicting the Life of the Virgin (fig.5) has many similarities with the ROM piece. In both works, the Virgin sits on a throne in the middle; she is holding the Child, facing the viewer frontally. On her left kneels the oldest king; on her right another king dressed in exotic clothing. In the foreground, almost at the same spot lies the hat of the oldest king. However, there are obvious variations the king on the right hand side of the virgin appears fatter in the Life of the Virgin Altarpiece than the one in the ROM retable; there are more characters in the ROM piece than the other one. These differences might be the result of the styles of individual carvers, but the overall design of the two scenes is very similar. These two retable might even come from the same workshop.

In the early sixteenth century, carved altarpieces become luxury goods rapidly produced by ateliers in Brussels and Antwerp. To quicken the process of making wood retables, chores are divided among many sculptors, joiners, and painters15. At less two different sculptors participate in the creative process of the ROM reredos. One artist carves the four angels standing around the Virgin in the Nativity. He might be responsible also for the two angels standing on the columns flanking the corpus and the Virgin and Child statueon top of the piece. The figures sculpted by him are elongated and their garments are in swaying movement. The other sculptor demonstrates more skills in carving details and the figures he makes are more rounded and their clothing has beautiful patterns. He might be in charge of carving the kings in the Adoration of the Magi. A third artist makes the shepherd standing at the right foreground; he might have come from Antwerp because of the twisting forms he applies to the figure. The repetition of the same design and the division of labour speed up the production of the retables, which are much sought after in the market in Antwerp. Furthermore, using patterns from model books can make the process easier. The group of Virgin worshipping the Child with four angels appears to be a direct quote from Hugo van der Goess famous Portinari Altarpiece, 1475. In both cases, the Virgins figure seems larger than others; the Child is lying on the ground and the angles are smaller than the human beings around them. The painting might be copied widely in the late fifteenth century and becomes one of the models in Bormans shop.

The oak altarpiece in ROM might have served as a backdrop for the celebration of Mass, a visual explanation of the mystery of the Incarnation for the laity, and an aid for meditation. The development of the reredos is a result of a desire to confront God directly through contemplating beautiful objects. The ROM retables conventional subject matters, similar design to other contemporary piece and its very typical shape suggest that it might have been produced for the open market instead of on commission.

Notes

1 Kim W. Woods, "Five Netherlandish Carved Altarpieces in England and the Brussels School of Carving c. 1470-150," The Burlingtion Magazine 18 (16)788.

Ibid., 788.

The original location of the altarpiece in the fifteenth and sixteenth century is discussed by Woods and Jacobs in their essays in relation with van der Weydens Seven Sacrements.

4Kim W. Woods, "The Netherlandish Carved Altarpiece c. 1500 Type and Function" in The Altarpiece in the Renaissance, Ed. Peter Humfrey. (New York Cambridge University Press, 10), 86.

5 Lynn F. Jacobs, Early Netherlandish Carved Altarpieces, 180-1550 Medieval Tastes and Mass Marketing, (New York Cambridge University Press, 18), 6-.

6Woods, Altarpiece in the Renaissance, 8.

7Jacobs, Medieval Tastes, 64.

8 Gerard Brett, "A Reredos from the Workshop of Jan Borman at the Royal Ontario Museum of Archeology, Toronto, Canada." Gazette des Beaux-Arts 44 (184) 4.

Jacobs, Medieval Tastes, 84-5.

10Ibid, 4.

11Gothic here means an architectural taste that prefers airiness to weight and brightness to obscurity. A taste that esteems the colourful decoration over the Romanesque severity.

1 Linda Grant, Abbot Suger of Saint Denis Church and State in Early Twelfth-Century France (England Longman, 18), .

1 Jacobs, Medieval Tastes, 4.

14 Lynn F. Jacobs, "The Marketing and Standardization of South Netherlandish Carved Altarpieces Limits on the Role of the Patron," Art Bulletin 71 (18)15.

15Ibid., 15.

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Melville's Paradise of the Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids

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Close Reading "The Paradise of the Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids"

In Melvilles "Paradise of the Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids", a vivid illustration and comparison of the life of the industrial class and working class is displayed to the reader. The working class slaves themselves silly, while the industrial class sits back and reaps the benefits. In a sense, it is indeed the working class who keeps society running.

The narrator chooses to represent the industrial class by a group of wealthy bachelor lawyers. A unmarried, self-indulgent "band of brothers" (6), they enjoy living a lavish lifestyle "without any twinges of their consciences touching desertion of the fireside" (6), only concerned with satisfying their own needs. Among the many luxuries of the privileged, they take pleasure in traveling and pampering themselves with fine cuisine, consisting of ox-tail soup, turbot, roast beef, mutton, turkey, chicken pie, tarts, puddings, cheese and crackers, and plenty of drink- alcohol, that is.

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"It was the very perfection of quiet absorption of good living, good drinking, good feeling, and good talk" (6). This is what the narrator describes as the paradise of the bachelors. However, the truth of the matter is, is that appearances can often be misleading. Underneath it all, the bachelors live a pretty dull and empty life. Described as "men of liberal sense, ripe scholarship in the world, and capacious philosophical and convivial understandings" (6), they are often hedonistic and choose to interact with one another through the sharing of "all sorts of pleasant stories" (68). The bachelors are simply useless men whose primary focus is their high consumption lifestyle. The thought of suffering any type of pain or trouble simply blows their minds away. "The thing called pain, the bugbear styled trouble- those two legends seemed preposterous to their bachelor imaginations…how could they suffer themselves to be imposed upon by such monkish fables? Pain! Trouble! As well talk of Catholic miracles. No such thing" (6).

However, on the other hand, the working class (represented in the form of "blank-looking girls" (77)) lives a life of unending, monotonous labor

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in a paper mill. Upon first entering the mill, the narrator is shocked at the manor of these women. "Not a syllable was breathed. Nothing was heard

but the low, steady overruling hum of the iron animals. The human voice was banished from the spot" (77). The maids drain themselves with their work until they are as blank as sheets of paper. Described by narrator as "mere cogs to the wheels" (78), it is almost as if they are being transformed into the product of the machines they are maintaining. "Machinery- the vaunted slave of humanity- here stood menially served by human beings, who served mutely and cringingly as the slave serves the Sultan" (78). Particular attention is paid to the narrators encounter with a young factory worker whose face is "young and fair" (77), and a similar worker (who has obviously put her time in at the mill) whose brow is "ruled and wrinkled" (77). Based on the narrators description, the latter maid is becoming the product of the lining machine she is tending. In addition she is letting herself be controlled by the machine. Thus, it can be inferred that the maids are strongly influenced by their environment, working themselves to the bone day after day, year after year. The maids have no control of their lives; their reality lies in the hands of the dominant upper class (bachelors).

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At the works conclusion, the narrator exclaims, "Oh! Paradise of Bachelors! and oh! Tartarus of Maids!" (86). Not only does this indicate

sympathy towards the maids, but also illustrates the narrator is rethinking his belief that the bachelors lavish life is paradise when he sees firsthand at what cost this "so-called" paradise comes.

Both passages suggest that the narrator is trying to convey an overall message to the reader. This message is simple, yet significant. Neither the bachelors nor the maids can survive without each other, despite how different their lives may seem. Each world makes the other possible. "This is the very counterpart of the Paradise of Bachelors, but snowed upon, and frost-painted to a sepulchre" (75). The comfortable, extravagant lifestyle of the bachelors comes at the expense of the work-a-holic, exhausted maids of the paper mill. This further clarifies how business and industry has the ability to categorize society, resulting in an over-powering, wealthy class and an over-worked, under paid, mistreated lower class.

Please note that this sample paper on Melville's Paradise of the Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Melville's Paradise of the Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Melville's Paradise of the Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Symbolism in "To Kill a Mocking Bird"By: Harper Lee

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Even though the title is To Kill a Mocking Bird, this book has little to do with birds; its all about symbolism. Reading in between the lines is crucial for understanding the true meaning of this award-winning novel. Some examples of symbolism in To Kill a Mocking Bird are Tim Johnson, the title, and lastly the flower. Sometimes its hard to pick out the symbolism in each of these things right away, but once you figure it out, everything makes much more sense!

A great place to start is with the shooting of Tim Johnson, which is very similar to that of Tom Robinson. First of all, the characters names are very close, and could easily be confused. Tim Johnson is a dog that is loved very much by his owner, as well as the rest of the neighborhood. Not much different from Tim, Tom Robinson has always been helpful to all the neighbors and is very good to Mayella Ewell. Neither of them have ever caused any harm. Contrary to their good behavior, both are put to death because of their appearance, even though all other evidence points in their favor. Tim Johnson appears to be a mad dog, but at the same time you dont usually find mad dogs in February. Tom Robinson is found guilty of rape because he is black, all though the town knows that Bob Ewell is a drunk, he is white and thats all that matters. The death of Tim Johnson foreshadows the death of Tom Robinson.

The connection between the books title and Boo Radley isnt a coincidence either! They explain in the book that killing a mocking bird is considered a sin because they are innocent and do nothing but bring joy through their beautiful music. Just like a mocking bird, Boo Radley is innocent. He isnt crazy like everyone thinks. He brings joy to the children by leaving them presents in the tree, and he gave Scout a blanket when she was cold. Instead of literally killing Boo, the community kills him with their gossip, words, and accusations.

Lastly, the trickiest symbolic tie is that between Ms. Duboses death and her flower. Ms. Dubose died pure, not addicted to the morphine; the flower is white, a symbol of purity. Jem attacked Ms. Duboses flower garden, just like Ms. Duboses morphine addiction attacked her. Finally, Ms. Dubose always thought that her flower garden looked like "snow on the mountains". If you think about it, the snow on mountaintops isnt far from heaven. So the flower symbolizes Ms. Duboses little piece of heaven.

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To wrap it all up, To Kill a Mocking Bird holds many of its morals beneath the basic text. Symbolically tying almost each and every event together, such as Tim Johnson, the title, and lastly the flower; making it the award winning novel it has become. So whether youre looking for a coming of age novel, historical fiction, or a gold mine of symbolism…this book is as far as youll need to go.

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Persons who have a significant influence on me

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Everyone is affected by certain events or individuals that greatly change their life. Many people have influenced me during my life. Three wonderful friends that have had a special effect on me are Robert, Tiffany and Ashley. In the four years that I have known them well, they have been my best friends, and have helped to transform me from a lonely middle school scholar into a happy senior with a decent social life.

Popular wisdom has it that, You judge a man by his friends. Earlier in my life, that would have been difficult, because I had few friends other than my cousins. I concentrated mostly on school and sports, paying little attention to life outside my studies. My high grades made me the target of torment during elementary school, the name calling nerd, geek, and worse, was so bad that I was ostracized by some of the class, and I shielded myself by further isolation. My Middle School experience was no different. I was still a loner. All the dances passed by, and I found other, solitary ways to occupy myself. I rarely took time to hang out with fellow students during weekends or vacation time. Then came high school, and in Mrs. Krawets Global Studies I class I sat next to this energetic guy named Robert, who joked about the no-brained teenagers working in 7-11s, made fun of the way our teacher dramatized the pronunciation of the Huang-Ho and Yangtze Rivers, and satirized the teachers methodology of hand-signals for facts, generalizations, and cause/effect. Finding common ground in our senses of humor, and love of the TV Simpsons, we grew acquainted with each other. Later in the year we teamed up as the defense lawyers in a class mock trial in which Mao Zedong was charged with crimes against the people of China. To Mrs. Krawets dismay, legal wrangling caused the mock trial to last two weeks, even though she had planned for it to take three days, until it was resolved by a split decision, with the jury voting 6 guilty and 6 innocent. More important than the result was the experience of friendship and shared learning. We each had a great deal of fun preparing questions for the witnesses and planning our cross examinations, and after the trial we remained good friends.

Tenth grade would be a notable year. Robert introduced me to Ashley and Tiffany, our classmates in English. The four of us had a great time making our first home movie, based on the allegory Redwall, at Roberts house. Our filming day coincided with a snowstorm, so the outside scenes were hilarious. Plus, when we jumped up against the side of Robs house, we knocked down some books off a shelf inside. In the end, we all had a great laugh watching our final product. In March, Tiffany invited me to her Sweet Sixteen birthday party, the first major social occasion that I had attended in years. I will always remember the wonderful time we all had dancing and celebrating. Later in the year, we made another movie for English class, which was more of a satire. In it we managed to include many of our history teacher Mrs. Lemmas infamous quotes by working them into the lines of Basil Stag Hare, a character from the Redwall novel who often spoke in nonsense. In June Tiffany invited Ashley and me to her house for a study party, hoping that we could learn enough of Global Studies to excel on the Regents exam. After wasting most of the afternoon watching TV, we highlighted the review book, and we were finally ready for the big test.

Last fall Tiffany and Ashley convinced me to go to the Homecoming dance, and I began to realize all the fun that life has to offer. It was only natural that the group of us had an even better time at our Junior Prom. I must admit that if I had never met them, I would have missed out on the complete experience of a truly special occasion. On Halloween we all went trick-or-treating in Ashleys neighborhood, with Robert dressed as an outrageous mime, and I in the less exotic costume of a carpetbagger. That night we took a trip through the haunted house; we were blinded by the strobe light in the basement, and scared out of our wits when a ghost jumped out of a fake coffin and started up a chain-saw. Now, as the first to have a drivers license, Ive become the chauffeur to dances, movies, and restaurants. Cheap Custom Essays on persons who have a significant influence on me

As one might guess, Tiff, Rob and Ashley have all exerted a positive influence on me. My senior year is full of group projects, after school activities, and companionship with friends that all had its beginning with a humorous classmate in the ninth grade. Although I still spend significant time on schoolwork, I enjoy life much more, and my grades remain high. Friendship is one of the great gifts of life, and Robert, Tiffany, and Ashley have helped me to fully enjoy it. Knowing them has been one of the highlights of my life, and they have surely left their footprints on my soul.

Please note that this sample paper on persons who have a significant influence on me is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on persons who have a significant influence on me, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on persons who have a significant influence on me will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Eating Disorders

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Eating plays a very important role in our lives. Not only is eating necessary to survival, but it is also a recreational activity, associated with most holidays, bringing joy to many people. However, for nearly 10 million people in the U.S. alone, eating is an enemy.(Bell, 65) These 10 million people suffer from some sort eating disorder, most commonly Anorexia nervosa or Bulimia nervosa.

The first and most common eating disorder, affecting nearly seven million women and one million men each year, is Anorexia nervosa .(Kolodny, 40) Anorexia means the loss of apatite, however, this is often misleading because anorexics do not loose their apatite, they merely learn to suppress it. A more appropriate definition of anorexia is; a mental illness in which a person has an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of their weight and body shape (Encarta 1). Anorexia generally affects the same type of person, regardless of sex. The typical anorexic tends to be controlling, a great overachiever, and a perfectionist, who strives to please other people.

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Anorexia normally begins with a diet. A person will begin not only to lose weight but to receive complements on how good they look. An anorexic will take these complements as cues to continue their dieting. They believe that the more weight they loose the better they will look. At this point an anorexic will begin to invent many different ways to loose weight. The person will start to become obsessed with food. They will constantly cook wonderful meals and deserts for friends but never eat what they cook.When placed in a setting, such as a family mealtime, where they are expected to eat they will often cut their food into small pieces and move it around their plate to make it look as if they have eaten, or they will hide food in their napkin. They will also commonly tell people that they do not know as well that they cannot eat sugar, because they are diabetic or they cannot drink milk, because they are lactose intolerant. Eventually they will begin to make excuses to avoid mealtime all together. They will say they have already eaten, or they are in a hurry to be somewhere, or they arent feeling well. Since they are so determined to avoid meals they are forced to become very withdrawn from friends and family. They avoid social situations as much as possible.

Anorexics are very good at disguising their disease, one way that they will do this is by wearing very baggy clothes. However, there are many warning signs to look for. These signs include; a skeletal look with sunken eyes, yellow or grey, pale dry skin, thinning hair on their head but fuzzy hair growth on the rest of the body, inability to sleep yet they appear to be exhausted, menstruation stops, frequent urge to urinate, and depression.

Anorexia is extremely harmful both a persons mental and physical health. As people with anorexia decrease the amount of food they eat, the body begins to burn up fatty tissue. As the condition worsens the body burns up nearly all of this tissue. The body also burns up muscle tissue in order to receive the nutrients which it lacks. Malnutrition is an obvious danger of anorexia that can be seen just by looking at the anorexic person. Yet there are many more unseen dangers. Anorexics often suffer from a shrunken heart with an irregular beat, a loss of bone marrow, brittle bones, and a low pulse and blood pressure. Experts estimate that between 10-0% of those with anorexia die from it.(Bode, 1) Aside from the physical harms people with anorexia become extremely nervous, depressed, and often suicidal.

The second type of major eating disorder is Bulimia nervosa. Bulimia is an eating disorder in which persistent over concern for body weight and shape leads to repeated episodes of binging, associated with induced vomiting, use of laxatives, fasting and or excessive exercise to control weight.(Encarta 1) Bulimia is less common than anorexia, however 50% of anorexics at some point in their illness also suffer from bulimia and 0% of bulimics go through anorexic periods. (Bode,1)

Unlike anorexics, bulimics are unable to suppress their hunger. Therefore their dieting consists of a cycle of fasting, binging, and purging. Fasting is to restrain from eating for a period of time. A binge is to eat an unusually large quantity of foodmost often food that is high in calorie and very fatteningat one time. Binges can last up to several hours or even on and off for several days. In some cases though, a bulimic will binge on shopping, shoplifting, alcohol, drugs, or sex with multiple partners. Purging most commonly is the voluntary act of vomiting, however laxatives, extreme vigorous exercise, and diuretics are also used. Many bulimics are desperate to quit binging and they will try almost anything, with the exception of seeking help, to stop. Many bulimics will hide food from themselves or even pour detergent on their food. None of this seems to work though, when a bulimic feels the urge to binge they will.

Bulimia is not quite as easy to detect as anorexia is because bulimics often maintain a normal body weight. There are although, warning signs to look for. Some examples include; broken blood vessels in the face, bite marks on the middle or index finger, dry, flaky skin, tooth decay, indigestion, and constipation.

Bulimia, like anorexia has many harmful side effects, most of which go unseen. Some of the dangers include; electrolyte imbalancewhich is when the bodys fluid and mineral balance is upsetdehydration, damage to bowls, kidney, and liver, and in many cases heart attack or failure. Emotionally, bulimics suffer from guilt, loneliness, and depression all which contribute to the extremely high suicide rate of bulimics.

The third classified eating disorder is called Compulsive Overeating or Binge Eating. For years experts have been debating the issue of whether or not to include Compulsive Overeating as an eating disorder. Finally in the 170s it was recognized as an eating disorder and people began to receive treatment. Compulsive overeating is a continuous cycle between extreme binging and dieting. Compulsive overeaters have dramatic weight decrease and increase within a matter of months.

A typical Compulsive overeater will binge at least twice a week for several months. The amount of food consumed during their binges is tremendous. A typical binge could consist of an entire cake, a gallon of ice cream and some cookies. Some binge eaters report consuming as much as twenty thousand calories in a single sitting, the amount an average person eats in 8 days.(Nardo, 8) Compulsive overeaters will binge for a few months and then they will stop for a few weeks to begin dieting. The diet is an attempt to loose whatever weight they gained during their months of binging. This however, is useless, because as soon as the weight is lost they will begin to binge again gaining all of the weight back.

Compulsive overeating is harmful to a persons body. The continuous weight gain and weight loss interferes with the bodies metabolism. The more the person transitions between binging and dieting the slower their metabolism becomes, therefore making it much harder for them to loose weight. Aside from being physically harmful compulsive overeating is also harmful to a person mentally and emotionally. Since almost all compulsive overeaters binge in secrecy it becomes a dominant part of their life which forces them to withdraw themselves socially. Most compulsive overeaters are aware that they do have a problem, but they are unable to control it and are too ashamed to ask for help.

Like compulsive overeating, doctors have debated for years about whether or not obesity is an eating disorder. At this point a majority of the doctors say that an obese person does have disordered eating, although they will not classify it as an official eating disorder. However, several people who suffer from obesity are compulsive overeaters.

Twenty-five percent of people with eating disorders, no matter which type, will experience periods of time where they will go into a trance.(Claude-Pierre, 100) When a person goes into one of these trances it is an indication that they are at the most serious psychological state of the illness. The persons negative mind consumes them are they are oblivious to reality. Warning signs to an approaching trance may include; the voice of the person becoming a whisper, the body beginning to immobilize(curl into the fetal person out of fear), and the person does not make eye contact and seems to be lost in the battle that is going on within their mind.

One thing most scientists, doctors, and other specialists disagree on, is the cause of eating disorders. A humanist would say that a person develops and eating disorder after several failed attempts of becoming self actualized. Therefore the person will fall all of the way down to the bottom of the hierarchy of needs and feel they are not worthy enough to even fulfil the basic needs, including food. A behaviorist would feel that a person with an eating disorder developed it as a reaction to a certain stimuli in their life. Some of the common stimuli which trigger eating disorders are; family or other relationship problems, a persons casual remarks about weight, the feeling of inadequacy, and pop culture. Most people agree with the behaviorist point of view, and feel that there are triggers, usually more than one, which trigger eating disorders. Another common view about the cause of eating disorders is the constant battle between the person and their negative mind, and the person feels obligated to obey the commands of the negative mind, for example, you are FAT, you may not eat today unless you run 5 miles!

Treating eating disorders is usually a very long and difficult process. There are many different forms of treatment a patient can receive, but the type of treatment along with the effectiveness of the treatment generally depends on the individual personality and background of the patient. The two basic types of treatment are physical and psychological. For some patients the psychological treatment alone will help cure them, but in many cases both psychological and physical treatment are required.

The most common form of physical treatment is hospitalization. The length of stay in the hospital varies for each individual patient depending on how severe their condition is. The most important part of this type of treatment is to make the patient gain weight. This initial weight gain is always the most difficult part of the physical treatment because the patient continues to deny they have a problem. The major downfall of strictly hospital treatment is that 8% of anorexics will relapse within years after being released from the hospital and have to be hospitalized again.(Bode,10)

Another physical treatment is drug therapy. In the 160s and 170s doctors began experimenting with different types of drugs, hoping that they would eliminate the patients fear of food and being fat. One substance that was commonly used is called chlorpromazine. Chlorpromazine was reported to have been helpful in several cases, but because of its many side effects including, lowering blood pressure, and reducing body temperature, it is rarely used today.

Another form of drugs that are often used to help cure eating disorders are antidepressants, since this is a leading cause of eating disorders in many cases.

Psychotherapy, is the most common type of psychological therapy. The main goal in psychotherapy is to help the patient realize and understand not only that they have a problem, but what has caused it and how they can deal with it.Psychotherapy begins with the doctor giving the patient strait facts about their problem. The doctor will tell them about their disorder and why it is harmful. From there the patient and doctor will discuss the patients life-style, concerns, fears, and stresses hoping to find what things contributed to the development of their eating disorder. The patient will have several counseling sessions and throughout these the patient learns how to cope with improve their body image, cope with stress, and establish and maintain a normal eating pattern.

A second type of psychological therapy is general counseling. The counseling begins as initial one-to-one sessions between doctor and patient. As the patient begins to recover, they normally begin group therapy. In group therapy around 5 people with the same disorder will come together to share their stories, and experience with eating disorders with each other. There is always a doctor present during group therapy, who normally will lead the discussions, and offer emotional support along with facts about the disorders. Counseling has been found to be most helpful for both compulsive overeaters and bulimics. It forces them to realize that their problems really are common, which makes them feel less alone and more worthwhile.

A third type of psychological approach to treating eating disorders is called behavior modification. Behavior modification which is generally used by humanists or behaviorists is a step-by-step process which is used as an attempt to modify a persons eating habits. Together a patient and their doctor will create a list of goals to be accomplished. An example of the goals a bulimic may have may be to refrain from vomiting after eating or to substitute a healthy meal, for an unhealthy binge. An example of the goals an anorexic may have would be to eat all the food on their plate, or to gain a certain amount of weight within a certain amount of time. If these goals are reached the patient is positively reinforced and possibly even given a reward. However behavior modification is often criticized. People who object to this type of treatment feel that once the patient is on their own, and the rewards stop they will fall back into their old eating habits.

Despite the amount of therapy are person goes through, it is believed that a person can never be cured of an eating disorder. People who have had eating disorders at one time in their life will continue to struggle with it, either consciously, or unconsciously for the rest of their lives. Eating disorder are a very serious mental and physical illness which people need to be more educated about. It is the only hope to prevent it.

Please note that this sample paper on Eating Disorders is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Eating Disorders, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Eating Disorders will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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American Business

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Something that provides goods and services to others while at the same time seeks a profit is considered a business. The United States has what is considered to be one of the highest standards of living in the world. This standard of living is created by the wealth that is generated from the businesses found here. Wealth is created by the use of certain resources known as the factors of production. These factors consist of land, labor, capital, entrepuneurship. Knowledge is said to be one of these factors that will soon be very important, especially with the advancement of technology in future years. International and global business is becoming extremely important. The United States is the largest importer and exporter in the world. A nations relationship of exports to imports is considered balance of trades.

Companies must also be socially and ethically conscious in order to be more favorable. Companies have put in place corporate values for each employee. There are two formal corporate ethics codes in place. The Compliance based ethics codes, which is the prevention of unlawful behavior by penalizing those that do not obey the rules. The second is integrity-based ethics, which is a shared accountability for each employee.

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The structure of American business consists of three major forms. The first of these forms is a sole proprietorship in which a business is owned and managed by one individual. The next is a corporation, which is a business that is separate from the owners. The last form is a partnership. In a partnership there are two or more people who agree to be co-owners of the business. With everything there are pros and cons to owning your own business. The feeling of success when you have a business that is profitable and successful. Most importantly you get to be your own boss, which means you make the decisions as opposed to someone else telling you what to do. It isnt always a good idea to go into business for yourself if you do not have the financial resources available to maintain a business. There are a lot of expenses that come from running a business, which can be costly. For example, one must have insurance, inventory and the proper licenses. All of these things cost you and cut into your profits. The other reason would be the amount of time that it takes to get a business off the ground. For example, many hours must be put in to running the business until you can find reliable people to help manage. Believe me reliable people are not always around when it comes time to start your own business.

The other factor that is a concern for many entrepaneurs in the liability of the business. Any debts that are occurred through the business become your responsibility. My father owned his own real estate company for many years, and it was always like we had two homes with two insurance policies. These are just some of the factors that one must consider when going into business for themselves.

Please note that this sample paper on American Business is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on American Business, we are here to assist you. Your college papers on American Business will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Picasso:The last Decades

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PICASSO The Last Decades

Design of the Exhibition

In the exhibition for Picassos last work we are confronted with a number of different aspects of layout. The consideration put into the layout of the exhibition derives from the curator, Terence Maloon.

Terence Maloon says of the approach he took to the exhibition and the layout "I wanted the exhibition to reflect the intensity, the passion, the aggression and the rebellious spirit that Picasso was able to sustain right through his life. That is something absolutely dazzling and inspiring." In saying this he adds how he wishes not to detract from Picassos own work, "A curator offers an interpretation, an interpretation that should be advantageous to the artist."

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As you walk into each room a different sensation of feeling is created through use of colour, layout and the paintings displayed. In each of the seven rooms of display the curator has taken the opportunity to display different paintings that fitted into the different periods of Picassos life as an artist. He has changed the lighting and colours for each of these rooms

The first room, 'Crisis, the room is meant to reflect a reproduction of Picassos studio. The walls in the room are very plain; there are no obtrusive colours from the surroundings so the viewer is not distracted. The displayed artworks were placed at different heights and positions around the room, some being in cabinets and some mounted on the walls. In the 'Crisis room, the colours used are shades of grey and the lighting is very dim. It is a reflection of how Picassos life was during this period. Picasso was approaching his 7nd birthday and his life was falling apart. The grey walls represent his feelings of sadness and are also sensitive to the artworks, mainly sketches and drawings, displayed in the room.

The next room you approach when leaving the 'Crisis room is the 'Jacquiline Room. This room contrasts with the previous with lighting, the artworks displayed and the colour of the room. The walls reflect a happier Picasso. This is due to his feelings for Jacquiline. A curator, William Rubin, once said "Im convinced that Picasso would not have lived as long or done as much work if it were not for Jacqueline". The room is painted in warm yellow colours and reflects his feelings at the time. The lighting again highlights the happier mood created. The artworks are more expressionistic; they have a slight cubist tone to them and are larger and use a wider palate compared to 'Crisis. The paintings are situated around the room mounted on walls.

The 'La Californie Room is the next room in succession. There is not much of a change from the 'Jacquiline Room to this room. The colours remain close the only change is the paintings and the style they were painted in. Picassos mood has remained happy during this period, a reason why the colours and lighting were not much altered when entering this room. The paintings were again mounted on the walls for the display.

The 'Old Master Variations Room is a change in feeling compared to the previous two rooms. The lighting has been dimmed and the walls are a duller colour to go along with the new mood that is being created. As you walk into the room you are confronted by several lithograph painting mounted on the walls and as you navigate the room the painting are mounted on the walls for the audience to view with ease.

'Travesties is the next room. The paintings again are mounted on the walls so the audience is able to view them easily. This room continues the mood from the previous room.

The room 'Memory and Desire had a slightly depressing mood to it. The walls were tones of grey expressing a pessimistic attitude. The artworks contrast from the previous room with black and white being the predominant tones in the artworks, the rooms colours reflect these distorted paintings.

'Artist and Model is a room that is plain compared to the other rooms with the walls left bare from colour and tone. The artworks are displayed again on the walls and one cabinet. The room is meant to reflect the theme of the painter and his model. The room looks vast and bare, more natural looking than the previous.

'Last Works is the final room of the exhibition. These larger paintings are mounted on the walls of the room. The room is brighter than some other rooms and does not hold as many artworks as the other rooms. The room is smaller than the previous rooms.

In each of the rooms a large blurb is close to the entrance of the room printed on the walls. Each blurb is long and in each room is of the same size and font. It contains an explanation of Picassos life at the period of the artworks in the room and can give the audience some insight into the mood created by the curator for that particular room.

Next to each artwork is a small sign. The sign illustrates when the artwork was completed, or whether it had been completed, the materials used and the title. The size and shape continued to be the same through each room of the exhibition.

Please note that this sample paper on Picasso:The last Decades is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Picasso:The last Decades, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Picasso:The last Decades will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Aker Kvaerner Group

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The Aker Kvaerner Group

The fight against bankruptcy

Executive summery

During 16, Kvaerner sought to strengthen its engineering base internationally through the acquisition of the UK-

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based conglomerate, Trafalgar House. The acquisition was completed in May 16. Kvaerner became an

international player in shipbuilding, oil and gas, pulp and paper and engineering and construction. It moved its

international headquarters to London in the spring of 16.

In the following years, increasing financial and operational difficulties followed strong growth financed through

debt. The acquisitions had resulted in a broad business portfolio, without a corresponding management capacity. The

consequences were weak integration of the acquired units and no realization of synergies between the different

business areas.

In 1 the company initiated a major sell-off, focusing on realizing capital through divestments. These efforts did

not solve the mounting financial and operational challenges, which eventually brought the company into an acute

liquidity crisis in August 001.

In July 000, Aker Maritime ASA, a Norway-based offshore products, technology and services provider, had bought

6 per cent of the shares in Kvaerner ASA. The investment was made with the aim of creating a focused, profitable

and forward-looking group based in Norway, with substantial international operations.

It took 18 months to achieve the goal of integrating these businesses. In late November 001 an agreement was

reached between Aker Maritime ASA and Kvaerner ASA. Aker Maritime injected NOK .8 bn in net assets, raised

another NOK .5 bn through two direct issues and renegotiated NOK 8.6 bn of Kvaerners debt.

The result was a financially stronger Kvaerner, with four focused business areas Oil & Gas, Engineering &

Construction, Pulp & Paper and Shipbuilding. The group decided to adopt the Aker Kvaerner brand for the entire

group. But in 00 Aker Kvaerner still had a huge liquidity problem, so the company kept selling asset to earn

revenues. But in the end of 00 came the message Aker Kvaerner had again a liquidity cries.

To day Aker Kvaerner dont know how their are going to pay their workers salary the coming month, and their

struggling every day to avoid bankruptcy.

Introduction

The Aker Kvaerner Group

Aker Kvaerner is a world-class international oil services and products, engineering and

construction, and shipbuilding Group with the capability and resources to undertake the

worlds most challenging projects.

Todays Aker Kvaerner is an industrial technology provider. It meets the needs of its

customers by adding value to their business - through the provision of innovative, cost-

effective solutions - for challenges in the hydrocarbons, process, and maritime industries.

The Groups activities are organised in four core business areas

• Oil & Gas

• E&C

• Pulp & Paper

• Shipbuilding

The Group has annual revenues in excess of US$6 billion, with some 4,000 permanent

staff located in more than 0 countries throughout Europe, Africa, Asia and the

Americas.

This assignment is consentrated around the last years, but to explaine how they got their huges

debt, that was the main reasen for their crises, I start the assignment with telling the storry back

from 16. Then I explain about Kvaerners way thru crises after crises and until to days almost

bankruptcy. The assignment try to analyze what went wrong and way it went wrong.

Expanding and growth by loan financing

In 16 Kvaerner was the biggest engineering company in Norway. Kvaerner wanted as most

corporations to increase the value of the company and grow even bigger. To do this its a normal

process to expand their business to foreign countries. Kvaerner already had a lot of operations

around the world, but to grow bigger Kvaerners CEO, Erik Tønseth, saw it as necessary to

increase their international attendance in shipbuilding, oil and gas, pulp and paper and

engineering and construction.

During 16, Kvaerners CEO, strengthen its engineering base internationally through the

acquisition of the UK-based conglomerate, Trafalgar House.

To move the headquarter to London was a big change and an operation with high acquisition

cost.

At this time Kvaerner already had a lot of debt and to finance the new changes they borrowed

more cash from the banks.

The changes resulted in a broader business portfolio and this required greater and more exigent

management than Kvaerner had.

The management capacity didnt correspond to this requests.

The consequences were weak integration of the acquired units and no realization of synergies

between the different business areas.

In the following years, increasing financial and operational difficulties followed strong growth

financed through debt.

No dividends and increase in share outstanding

After 17 the company had to stop to give dividends to save money, but they kept invest money

to expand their business and to try to increase the revenues. But they didnt earn the money they

hoped, and the company started to increase shares outstanding to earn money. In 18 they kept

selling shares, and the value per share just kept falling.

After two years following this strategy the company hadnt seen anything ells than red numbers,

and in 1 the CEO Erik Tønseth got fired.

Restructuring and downsizing

The new CEO, Kjell Almskog, changed the strategy and initiated a major sell-off, focusing on

realizing capital through divestments. Now it was the agenda for change that again was in focus.

This involves a series of fundamental structural changes in order to create a company with a

clear focus on two core business areas Oil & Gas and Engineering & Construction.

An intense focus will be maintained on the debt reduction program to meet the earlier announced

objective for the Group to have zero net debt by the end of year 000.

Kvaerner planned to build shareholder value by creating a profitable Norwegian player with the

strength to compete internationally in selected regions and market areas. They planned to do this

by

• strengthening profitability through improved operation and better co-ordination between the

Engineering & Construction (E&C) and Oil & Gas (O&G) business areas.

• strengthening profitability through improved operation and better co-ordination between the

Engineering & Construction (E&C) and Oil & Gas (O&G) business areas.

• taking greater advantage of E&Cs strong global position and exploiting its extensive existing

expertise in pipelines, refining and other land-based process plants for the oil and gas industry.

• strengthening the technological platform through the acquisition of small technology-oriented

companies which complement the existing operations and product portfolio.

• strengthening the presence in selected regions such as the Gulf of Mexico, Brazil, western

Africa and the Caspian, with a particular focus on subsea production in deep water• assessing

alliances and partnerships with large companies.

During 000 and 001 the more than 0 businesses was sold or closed. Overhead costs was

reduced by more than NOK billion per year, net interest bearing debt was reduced by NOK 6

billion.

The CEO breach the disclosure requirement

But these efforts werent enough to solve the mounting financial and operational challenges, and

during the summer 001 the CEO Kjell Almskog knew that they were going to meet a liquidity

crisis in August, if they didnt borrow more money.

To the shareholders he told that the future prospect for the q was quite good.

Now the bard struggled for new loans, but the banks said no, and in August the company was in

an acute liquidity crisis.

Now the situation was so different from what the CEO had told the shareholders, so the Oslo

Stock Exchange (OSE) gave Kvaerner an penalty of a half million US $ for breach on the

disclosure requirement.

Kjell Almskog didnt tell about the financial difficulties of the Kvaerner Group, and now they

were suddenly fighting against bankruptcy in day to day operations.

Kvaerner merge with Aker Maritime

After two months with negotiation with banks and investors Kvaerner has agreed to merge with

its main shareholder and industry rival, Aker Maritime. Kvaerner is saved from chapter 8.

The news brought Kvaerners long-running battle against bankruptcy to an end, though the future

was still uncertain for Kvaerners 5,000 employees, 7,000 of them in the UK.

The rescue plan was made by the chairman of Aker Maritime, Kjell Inge Rokke, who have

previous attempt to merge his firm with Kvaerner, but have been strongly resisted by both

Kvaerners management and its board of directors. Mr. Rokke owns more than 50% of the shares

in Aker Maritime and is now the most powerful man in Kvaerner.

Kvaerner, which was suffering a serious cash crunch that would have brought it to its knees in

under a week, had repeatedly called on Mr Rokke to bail it out, but his refusal to step in without

being properly rewarded had been consistent.

But Kvaerner had to accept Mr. Rokkes deal that implied that Aker Maritime will own about

50% of Kvaerner. Aker Maritime injected NOK .8 bn in net assets, raised

another NOK .5 bn through two direct issues and renegotiated NOK 8.6 bn of Kvaerners debt.

The group decided to adopt the Aker Kvaerner brand for the entire group.

Internal problems in Aker Kvaerner

Kvaerner shares rose 40% by lunchtime in Oslo. The result was a financially stronger Kvaerner,

and most investors thought that this was the end of many bad years for Kvaerner.

But the internal problems started from the first day. From the beginning Kvaerner was negative

to Aker. They didnt really wanted to merge with Aker, they just did because there was no other

solution out of the crisis. Kvaerner wanted to have all the control and on the other side Mr.

Rokke wanted to have as much power as he could get. And with the Russian oil firm Yukos,

which owns just less than a quarter of Kvaerner, in the back Mr. Rokke became the new CEO of

the board.

In 00 Aker Kvaerner still had a huge liquidity problem, so the company kept selling asset to

earn revenues. The debt was a bigger problem than anyone had thought, and in the end of 00

came the message. Aker Kvaerner had again a liquidity cries.

All January have the board had meetings with the banks and investors. Yukos oil want a huge

downsizing of the company, but Mr. Rokke and the rest of the board want share capital

augmentation. The board has announced that it can be a problem to pay salary to the workers the

15th of February.

Aker Kvaerner is struggling every day to avoid bankruptcy.

What could Aker Kvaerner have done to avoid the liquidity crises?

During a period of 6 years Kvaerner went thru expanding strategy, cut of dividends, increase in

share outstanding, restructuring and downsizing, merge with Aker Maritime, internal problems

and the company had three differnt CEOs.

For the first I think that before a company thrie to erxpand its business, it should have full control over its existings

operations. With this I mean that Kvaerner should have got there already existing industries more

profitable, so when the wanted to expand they hadnt needed to borrow so much, and the risks

had been much lower if the investments went wrong.

At least a company which has to cut the dividends and increase shares outstanding at the same

time should never borrow money to invest in new industries. Of course its possible to earn a lot

of money, but its a risk that a huge company like Kvaerner never should have take. When you

are a CEO for 5000 workers and many thousands shareholders you have a responsibility, and

then I dont think its responsible to act like Kvaerner did.

Some companies dont pay dividends, but these companies usually do other things to increase

the per share value, like for example share buybacks. What Kvaerner did when they cut

dividends and on the same time increased share outstanding, was to decrease the per share value

with double effect. And by getting so much debt they will in the future decrease their instrinct

value. All this is important for way Kvaerner had an enormously decrease in shareholders value

from 16 to 001.

Her is some of Kvaerners key share figures that shows this effect very clearly.

Dividend

00100011817

Dividend per share (NOK)1)00007.00

Market capitalisation, number of shareholders and number of share adjusted for dilution effects

00100011817

Adjusted number of share at 1 December 1)106 6 16106 6 1668 1 6448 74 7848 74 78

Average number of shares1)106 6 168 75 5658 55 68648 74 7848 74 78

Number of shareholders 56018 8817 4018 811 5

Market capitalisation at 1 December (NOK millions)6 66510 1106 16 104

Movement in share price 1)

Amounts in NOK

00100011817

Price of A shares 1 December8.656.515.5114.687.

High6.414.150.41.065.

Low5.76.57.857.8.4

Price of B shares 1 DecemberN/AN/A1.5111.806.

HighN/A1.0140.41.16.4

LowN/A7.0.5.78.

1) Adjusted for dilution effects of subsequent share splits, options granted, bonus issues and stock dividend issues.

) Pay out ratio = (Dividend/Net profit)

) Preliminary

When they started the restructuring and downsizing in 1, I think they did the only reasonable

thing they could do. They tried to pay back debt and make their business profitable again, but it

seemed as this was to late.

When they in the end of 001 merged with Aker Maritime they had a new change to get on the

road again, but I think they were unlucky with the time. The year that followed after September

11th wasnt an easy period to improve the business.

To days idea of selling even more stocks is very short dated, and I really dont see how Aker

Kvaerner will be able to pay back the debt of more than a half billion US$.

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The Secret Sharer

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In Joseph Conrads Secret Sharer the archetypal symbols, created symbols, and his references to the identity of Leggatt support the theory that Leggatt is the Captains ideal self. The archetypal symbols are presented to the reader immediately as the solemn blue waters lay without an animated glitter of an imperceptible ripple. The stillness and silence are deafening as the captains isolation is further enhanced by the preparatory stage of his homeward journey.

Standing on the poop in profound silence, the Captain- a stranger to the ship- finds comfort in the great security of the sea as compared with the unrest of the land. Despite feeling ill set for the novel responsibility of command, he volunteers to stand watch at midnight; an action that made him appear eccentric. The darkness, isolation, and depression are ever present around the gray pajama clad Captain. Wishing to bring in the rope side ladder up from the opaque sea, the Captain, cigar cocked in his mouth, is astounded by the immovableness of the ladder. Looking at the sleeping water under the elusive, silent play of summer lightning he catches sight of a man immersed in a greenish cadaverous glow. The ladder is a created symbol for the Captains journey between sub consciousness and consciousness, while the lightning flashing above suggests his intellectual illumination. With his mouth gaping open, the captains cigar, his only comfort in the isolation, drops into the darkness below with a tiny plop and a short hiss audible in the absolute stillness of all things under heaven. Calm and resolute, the self-possessed man, Leggatt, induced a corresponding state in the Captain. With a mysterious communication already established between the two, the Captain invites his double onboard. Together they moved right aft, barefooted, silent.

After examining his doubles rather regular features, the Captain concludes that he is a well-knit young fellow quite like himself. Shoulder touching shoulder, the double retells his tale of killing a man with his bare hands. The captain, although realizing that there is nothing sickly in his eyes or in his expression, thinks that the second stranger is not a bit like himself despite their obvious physical similarities. The Captain offers to let him sleep in his bed, showing the deep connection the two have. Yet the Captain considers himself calm but doubly vexed. In trying to conceal his other self, the captain sinks into further self- consciousness. His double as noiseless as a ghost wanders his L-shaped room, the other shipmates are unaware of his presence.

In the end, as the doubles prepare to leave each other, the Captain laments the loss of the unsuspected sharer of his cabin, who he considers his second self. The double tries to assure the captain that he has to go and the Captain conveys his sincere assurance into his doubles ear. The two have become one and yet they must part.

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After they decide on their plan of landing on Koh-Ring, the Captain steers the ship to safety after seeing the white hat floating on the black water.

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Feminism: Now and ThenA Comparative Study on Aristophanes' Lysistrata and Weldon's She-Devil

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Chapter II

ANALYSIS

II. A. Women and the Domestic Life

When talking about women, they are always connected with household matters. It is generally believed that the best place for women is inside the house. This statement is provoked by the fact that women are the one who give birth, nurse the baby, and serve the husband. They are even hardly to get out of the house. Cheap University Papers on Feminism: Now and ThenA Comparative Study on Aristophanes' Lysistrata and Weldon's She-Devil

In Lysistrata, the condition is plainly said by Lysistrata herself, the main character of the play "….You know a womans way is hard- mainly the way out of the house fuss over hubby, wake the maid up, put the baby down, bathe him, feed him…" (170 17). Realising that she has been a dutiful wife in her marriage, she is bothered to know that her husband is rarely at home because he must fight against the Spartans. Annoyed, she invites other women to protest the war, forcing the soldiers to stop it by rejecting the husbands conjugal right and taking over Acropolis, a city to save money for the war.

Lysistratas way to gain (male) public attention is unusual but undoubtedly she has created a way where women can also participate in a field outside the house. In this case, they try to enter the state affair. There is an effort to widen the scope of women territory. Instead of dwelling into daily activities at home, there is an effort to involve in an activity outside the house. Lysistrata also emphasises that Athenian women are not slaves but freeborn ones (170 51). Although finally they return to their previous household responsibility, there is new knowledge that women can decide something important for the country and their men.

In comparison with Lysistrata, The Life and Loves of a She-Devil shows a significant change on women and the domestic life on its core. Having a family appears to be a choice not a compulsory for women. Look on how the character of Mary Fisher lives as a single but are prosperous and admitted by her fans (18 1-). Marriage is not more than a business deal and having children is a choice. They are implied on how Ruth can easily leave her children to plan the revenge and her suggestion to Vickie to sell her children (18 8, 07). Even men are also encouraged to share in child care and household cores although there is still a notion that man should have more power over his woman partner.

With these improvements on man-woman relationship at home, there appears new condition that forces another struggle from the women. The rivalry now shifts to a clash between single women and mothers. Fay Weldon herself stated that the world was not ready to create an environment where a mother is going to have the same opportunities with a single woman (18). A single woman can gain equal position with a man but once she gets married, everything is changed.

To sum up then, Lysistrata does the protest because the husbands are away from home often for a long time. She is not protested of becoming a wife but she is bothered when she has been a good wife but the husband does not even know about it. The Athenian women are directly and sincerely back to their duties right after the war stops. On the contrary, Ruth does not stop her action after Mary Fisher, her rival, dies and Bobbo returns. She continues her life living as a she-devil. She takes after the model of a single and successful woman; it is a choice to live as a mother.

II. B. Women and Their Intelligence

In the discussion of womens intelligence, there is a quotation from Lysistrata said by the Chorus of Women (170 58) "….To commence theres Beauty, Duty, Prudence, Science, Self-reliance, Compliance, Defiance, and Love of Athens in balanced alliance with Common Sense." Indeed, these are the characteristics of the women characters in the play. Those women have the brave to show their intelligence and they are good debaters to the mens arguments. However, does it only appear in the play or could it be real?

The Athenian wives of course were good partners for the husbands at home. Husbands talked about their secret and serious matters, discussed it with the wives at home and no one could change the wives positions at this point (Kitto, 157 1). Their education came from conversation, debate, and the theatre. The woman characters are undeniably clever but the important point is that they dare to expose their cleverness, something that is considered as unfeminine and boyish. This is a proof that there is a feminist movement in the play. Those women are not afraid to show and explore all of their potentials. These women do not believe that they are generally dumber than the men and that they have the right to get freedom of speech.

The same thing happens in Weldons novel. Ruth has the confident that she is able to accomplish her mission by careful, wise, and intricate planning. The ability to arrange this kind planning is believed to be owned exclusively by men. Ruth shows the reader that she can have everything she wants by cultivating her brainpower maximally. On the other hand, Weldon also gives a criticism that not all people like smart girl by ending the story with Ruth having a figure of a woman playing dumb.

A smart woman like Ruth may have a lot of money or fame by continuing her business in Vesta Rose Agency but she prefers to live like Mary Fisher, who writes about lies and rubbish, as she once said before, because Bobbo and many other people love this kind of woman. Professor Mira Komarovsky of Barnard College reported in 16 that 40 percent of undergraduate girls in two campuses preferred to play dumb on the date in order to attract their partners attention or not to receive the label of being unfeminine (Koch 16 7). Ruth as a she-devil chooses not to look smart in front of Bobbo. She knows that Bobbo, like most of other men, wants to dominate the relationship.

Although, some women are more likely to hide their intelligence, the others have tried to sell their ability. Just look on how Vesta Rose Agency is doing well. In this story, an intelligent woman has more access to express their opinion or ideas. There is a possibility that they can gain respect by showing their talent as a workingwoman. Decades ago, the best skill owned by women should concern with household matters. Now, there are many fields to be exploited by women without loosing their feminine side or pride.

Furthermore, Ruths decision to play dumb also explains that women now have choices of what they can do or be. They are not confined to be housewives because they are women. These feminist women can be housewives because they chose to be housewives. Unless they take this traditional role, they may take other "jobs" to do. There is the world out there to explore by women.

In Athens during Lysistratas period, women barely had good access to express their brainpower. A married woman was not allowed to go out without permission. Actually, there were single women who were well educated and got more freedom because they lived alone but they were less respected by the society. These women, usually foreigners, are called hetaerae, and placed somewhere between the ladies and prostitutes (Kitto 157 0). Being housewives is the only thing to do by the women in Lysistrata because they are ladies. Thus, the position of an intelligent woman in The Life and Loves of a She-Devil is more respectable than in Aristophanes era.

II. C. The Social Response toward Feminism

Devoted herself in a domestic life may not bad at all. But if this duty is attached to her because she is forced to do so, then the devotion is unacceptable. In Lysistrata the women are confined in the house because the society, the state, and the husband create such an environment where they are not allowed to participate in the affairs outside the house. Moreover, the women should wear veils directed to remind them of their inferiority (170 57).

Because of the rules set by the society for the Athenian women, the husbands of course are shocked when they acknowledge the women strike of "total abstinence of sex". This is what the husbands think of their wives and the strike

"…And yet, I never thought my wife

was anything more than a home-grown brother.

But now dadblast her,

shes a National Disaster!" (170 6)

This quotation describes how some sets of rules are made all across the country as guidance for woman behaviours. The strike results in a catastrophe for the soldiers, the family, and especially the husband. By putting Akropolis in the womens hands, the soldiers are unable to pay the war costs. The women live in this city, abandoning the children and the daily tasks. Moreover, the husbands are miserable for the absence of their sexual life.

Male supremacy is the grand victory and plainly expressed in the play (170 40). The play shows a male dominant society in which the women have no roles. Matriarchy is an unknown word. Athens is not a country for women. H. D. F. Kitto stated that Athens Assembly was male territory. Women were one of the parties who could not give their voice to the affairs (157 14-15). In the story, Lysistrata argues that women can be valuable if they are allowed to take part in ending the war.

Unfortunately, although the womens demand is fulfilled, they still cannot get the equality. Misogyny has become the credo of the Athenian males and they reject the women to be their friends or partners.

Meanwhile in Weldons novel, the society seems to be divided into two opinions. There are men who can accept women with jobs but the others are not. The difference is that the fields of work have been provided. There are many things that can be done by women outside the house, the question is whether they want to explore it or not.

Angus, Ruths father-in-law, is one of the men who support the idea that it is somewhat important for women to have jobs. When he thinks that Ruth is getting depressed at home, he suggests her to get a job and keep herself busy (18 44).

However, men are likely to keep themselves as dominant parties in a relationship. Take the example of Bobbo. He does not directly say that Ruth or Mary Fisher should stay at home. He lets Mary Fisher write novels but at the same time, he criticises her writing all day long. He does not believe in her ability to sell the novel. He tries to prove that he knows the best and is more than his lady-partner (18 118). He is the kind of man who can make a woman stuck at home. For him, the best capability owned by women should be about household matters and this is the reason why Ruth reads the "Litany of the Good Wife". Unintentionally, male being dominant is still important for him.

Chapter III

CONCLUSION

Both Aristophanes Lysistrata and Fay Weldons The Life and Loves of a She-Devil are stories of womens struggle to diminish their inferiority, known as feminist movement. Each story represents its own era. Traced back from Lysistratas time, the women have undergone some progress to come into Ruths time.

First, having a domestic life is now a choice for women. In the past, women must be housewives because they were women. They gave birth to children so automatically they had to stay at home to nurse the babies. Now, the women may choose whether they want to have families or not. The movement is not only physicall but mental and psychological one.

Second, the change occurs on the position of an intelligent woman and the access to explore her brainpower. In Lysistrata, the women are all look very clever but the mens refusal to the womens logic is a proof that women have little access to show their intelligence in public places. Having an intelligence exposure is considered unfeminine and improper for a lady. In She-Devil, there are more ways that can be used by women to prove their cleverness. There have been many women accepted international acknowledgement for their capabilities.

Third is connected with the societys response to feminist movement. In both stories, male supremacy gets a wider acceptance. However, there is a progress in She-Devil. In this story, there are men who can accept the idea that women are not the second class, that they are not inferior to men.

Bibliography

Aristophanes. 411 B. C. Lysitrata. Trans. Douglass Parker. Canada New American Library, 170.

Brockes, Emma. "Life and Loves." The Guardian. 6th May 00. 0th August 00. http//books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,71588,00.html

Guerin, Wilfred L. et al. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. 4th ed. New York Oxford University Press, 1.

Jenkins, Tabitha. "On Life and Loves with the Original She Devil." Interview with Fay Weldon. rd February 18. 0th August 00. www.varsity.cam.ac.uk/varsityOnline/Online/Content/Life/Stories/008_meetsFayWeldon.html

Kitto, H. D. F. The Greeks. Great Britain R. & R. Clark Ltd., 157.

Koch, Adrienne. "Two Cheers for Equality." The Voice of American Forum Lectures. San Fransisco The University of California, 16.

Lester, Gideon. "Comedy of War." American Repertory Theatre. 10th May 00. 1st August 00. www.amrep.org/lysistrata/comedy.html

Mannes, Marya. "The Problems of Creative Women." The Voice of America Forum Lectures. San Fransisco The University of California, 16.

Montagu, Ashley. The Natural Superiority of Women. New York The Macmillan Company, 15.

Weldon, Fay. The Life and Loves of a She-Devil. New York Ballantine Books, 18.

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