Lung cancer

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Lung cancer

The environmental disease, lung cancer, is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both lungs. These cancerous cells are generally caused by mutations in the normal cells from exposure to carcinogens, or cancer-causing agents. Normal cells in the body are renewed and multiply by mitosis. The cells replace the old cells and continue to function normally. However, abnormal calls grow and replicate but do not act and function as the normal lung tissue. Over time, these abnormal cells turn into lumps (tumours). In a benign tumour the cells do not spread to other parts of the body and so are not cancerous. If they continue to grow at the original site, however, they may cause a problem by pressing on the surrounding organs. A malignant tumour consists of cancer cells that have the ability to spread beyond the original site. If the tumour is left untreated, it may invade and destroy surrounding tissue. Sometimes cells break away from the original (primary) cancer and spread to other organs in the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. When these cells reach a new site they may go on dividing and form a new tumour.

Types of lung cancer

Cheap Custom Essays on lung cancer

There are two major types of lung cancer non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. The cancer cells of each type grow and spread in different ways. The types of non-small cell lung cancer are named for the kinds of cells found in the cancer and how the cells look when viewed under a microscope.

Non-small cell lung cancer are divided into three types

·SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA Also called Epidermoid Carcinoma, this cancer begins in the squamous cells. They are thin, flat cells located in the bronchial tubes.

·ADENOCARCINOMAS Develops from cells which produce mucus and found in the lining of the airways.

·LARGE CELL CARCINOMA Large and abnormal looking cells when examined under microscope and found near the surface of the lung.

Small cell lung cancer, also called Oat cell cancer accounts for 0% of lung cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer accounts for about 80%.

What causes lung cancer?

·Cigarette smoking is known to be the cause of most lung cancers. The risk of developing the disease increases with the number of cigarettes smoked, and if people start to smoke at a young age.

·Passive smoking slightly increases the risk of lung disease and cancer.

·Exposures with asbestos have a higher risk of lung cancer, especially if people smoke. Asbestos exposure also increases the risk of mesothelioma, a cancer of the membranes, which cover the lungs.

·In some parts of the UK, a naturally occurring gas, called radon gas, can pass from the soil into the foundations of buildings. It is now thought that this gas, in high concentrations, may increase the risk of developing lung cancer.

·Contact with certain chemicals and substances, such as uranium, chromium and nickel, can cause lung cancer, but these are very rare causes.

·Air pollution is thought to be a cause of lung cancer but this is difficult to prove.

Symptoms

·A cough that doesnt go away.

·Shortness of breath.

·Chest pain that doesnt go away.

·Wheezing.

·Coughing up blood.

·Hoarseness.

·Swelling of the face and neck.

·Loss of appetite.

·Unexplained weight loss.

·Unusual tiredness.

·A chest infection that does not get better

·A dull ache or a sharp pain when you cough or take a deep breath

Treatment

There are three main standard treatments used to treat lung cancer SURGERY, RADIOTHERAPY, AND CHEMOTHERAPY. These treatments may be used separately, or together to treat the lung cancer. The treatment is determined by taking into account

·The patients general health and well-being

·The type and size of the tumour

·The appearance of the tumour under the microscope

·Whether it had spread beyond the lung

SURGERY

The three types of surgery used for non-small cell lung cancer is

·WEDGE RESECTION The removal of a small tumour and surrounding lung tissue

·LOBECTOMY The removal of a whole lobe (section) of lung

·PNEUMONECTOMY The removal of a whole lung

For small cell lung cancer, surgery is very rarely used, as the cancer has usually spread to other parts of the body before being diagnosed, even if it cannot be seen on the scan. Chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy are usually more effective in treating small cell lung cancer. Occasionally, surgery may be used to help determine the patients exact type of lung cancer.

CHEMOTHERAPY

Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing. Chemotherapy may be taken by mouth, or it may be put into the body by inserting a needle into a vein or muscle where the drugs enter the bloodstream and can affect cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy).

RADIOTHERAPY

Radiation therapy is the use of x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. . There are two types of radiation therapy external radiation and internal radiation. Internal radiation involves putting radioisotopes (materials that produce radiation) through thin plastic tubes into the area where cancer cells are found. External radiation uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer.

OCCURRENCE

Lung cancer is the leading cancer killer in both men and women. There were an estimated 164,100 new cases of lung cancer and an estimated 156,00 deaths from lung cancer in the United States in 000. In 00, an estimation of death from lung cancer in America is 157,00. An estimated 68,800 women in the U.S. will die this year from lung cancer. An estimated 88,400 men in the U.S. will die this year from lung cancer.

Cancer is the second most common cancer among African American men and women, and kills more African Americans than any other cancer. African American men are at least 40% more likely to develop lung cancer than Caucasian men. Their mortality rate is 11.0 per 100,000 people compared to 81.7 Caucasian males.

African American women have the highest incidence rates of lung cancer followed by Caucasians, Asian Pacific Islanders, Hispanics, and American Indians/Native Alaskans.

The rate of lung cancer cases appears to be dropping among white and African-American men in the United States, while it continues to rise among both white and African-American women.

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