Genetic engineering

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Introduction years ahead when we decide to start having children, we may be able to pick them out! weither it be their hair color, eye color or even how athletic they are.

People are using genetic engineering which is defined as a method of manipulating human DNA of cells to change heredity traits or to stop cancers that can spread.(1) For medical reasons in unborn children and pregnant woman. The doctors take the embryos with the disease genes out. Then they use gene therapies to repair the genes or take them out all together adn replaces genes where the others had genetic disorders. The doctors can test for these genes in human eggs, or in early stage embryos. They take care of the genes that carry deathly diseases. This protects against Hemophilia, Tay-Sachs, anemia and alzhimers, certain types of cancer, lukemia, Cystic fibrosis, down syndrom. Almost any time of problem someone could have they could prevent if the parents of the unborn child have the money for these test and procedures.For instance a woman who is pregnant has a cancer that will 0% likely be spread to her unborn child before giving birth, they could change the genes and replace the disease causing ones and the baby will not be affected by this type of cancer. although the cost is very high, its usually about $,500 a test but then there is also a $7,500 fee for the vitro fertilization of the embryo. Vitro ifertilization is the process of implanting the embryo with modifications. This process is also called human germline engineering, which basically means altering reproductive genes, changing and using chosen ones. Years down the road, a couple will go into a fertility clinic not because they have problems with becoming pregnant but because they want to alter something with their child they plan to have. The doctors fertilize the womans egg with the mans sperm, then they will inject a artifical chromosome that tells the embryo that has the disease carring gene to self-destruct, therefore resulting in a life long with out that problem. Also promising that he will not carry that gene to his children when the time comes.() Couples my also want the genetic engineering due to the fact that their other child needs bone marrow, this way the child that is next to be born in a for sure match to the childs that in need.

These procedures could help in the death rate of very young children and help many people of having a short lived life and suffering. Helping a child before it even has to go through something so terriable such as Tay-Sachs disease when they normally die at painful death by the age of 5.

But people are not only wanting to use genetic engineering for medical reasons, they want to use them for other reasons. Such as the sex of their baby. they may want to have aboy because they want to leave something to them such as a family business. They may want a girl because they have all boys.

Custom Essays on Genetic engineering

Another reason they will also have this procedure, is so that they can choose the physical apperance of the child. They can then choose the color of the childs hair, eye color. Also they can help with the childs other physical attractions such as clear skin, not obese, muscular, and very athletic.

Ethically the causes problems among many americans they see this as playing god. And messing with things that shouldnt be tampered with.

Conclusion this causes much controversy among americans with the changing of the way god gives lifes.

Bibliography

(1)The Columbia Encyclopedia. Sixth edition- 001

() NEWSWEEK November , 18, By Sharon Begley

NCRonline Designer Babies, anyone? by Pamela Schaffer www.natchath.com/NCR_Online/10/10j.htm

ReasonOnline - March 6,00 Hooray for Designer Babies! By Ronald Baily http//reason.com/rb/rb0060.shtml

The Age ~ April ,00 Designer Babies? Dont leave it to the bureaucrats to decide www.theage.com.au/cfi-bin/common/printArticle.pl?path=/articles/00/04//10144

BBC News- Febuary ,00 Ethic fears raised over designer baby www.news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/18717.stm

The Washington Monthly Online- March 000 Designer babies By Shannon Brownlee www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/001/00.brownlee.html

The Technology Review- Febuary 00 choosing our childs genetic futureBy Erika Jonietz www.technologyreview.com/articles/impact00.asp?p=

Time magazine- January 11,1 Designer Babies, parents can now pick kids sex and screen for genetic illeness. will someday they select for brains and beauty too? By Michael D. Lemonick

EBSCO host

Christian Science Monitor date- 8-1-1 vol. 1 Issue 185,p10 Looking Beyond Gene Maps

San Diego Union- Tribune date- 6-1-0 San Diego- Based medical device company genetronics sells top money-making unit

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Should Congress Have Enacted George W. Bushs Tax-Cut?

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Should The Congress of the United States have enacted what is now called the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 001 (EGTRRA). This is an endless debate of facts, figures and various economic models. One on side, the so called "supply-siders", and proponents of Reganomics argue that tax-cuts, even when largely benefited by only the top wealthiest in the nation, benefit all in the economy through what has been called the trickle down theory. In contrast there are some economists that think there is little to no benefit of a tax-cut. Also there are citizens who think that a tax-cut should benefit the lower class more so as not to widen the income gap any further, supported indirectly by economist who think that taxes affect demand, also known as Keynesian theory.

"The basic belief of supply-side economics is that all aspects of economic behavior-such as labor supply, saving, and investment-respond to economic incentives and, in particular, to incentives in the tax code"[1]. While other economist site Ricardian equivalence to support their argument that tax cuts offer no benefit. "The empirical evidence on Ricardian equivalence is mixed"[1].

There is little argument that there should be some sort of tax relief in the current state of the economy.

"Most Americans support Bushs tax-cut proposals. A USA Today/CNN Gallup poll yesterday showed the number rising to 67 percent, from 60 the week before. Yet polls also show a desire for more tax-cut benefits to go to lower-income taxpayers." []Cheap custom writing service can write essays on Should Congress Have Enacted George W. Bushs Tax-Cut?

The economy is currently in a recession and the government is running a surplus. The biggest argument is the fairness of an across the board tax-cut. This tax-cut is seen by many Americans to unfairly benefit the wealthiest in the nation.

This paper shall make no attempt to claim that one economic theory is superior to another; such a task is too great for my limited knowledge. However this paper will present arguments from both sides of the ring with supporting empirical evidence and conclude with whether or not the congress should have passed the EGTRRA. The intent of this paper is to attempt to discover what is right, without partisanship and personal biases invading the topic.

When President Bush took office the economy was stalling due to the large technology boom of the 10s. The further reduction in the state of our economy was due in large part to bad momentary policy on behalf of the Federal Reserve chairman Allan Greenspan1. After September 11 001 the economy was further dragged down by fear and uncertainty about the future, as a note this should have been a temporary shock to the economy but with the "war on terrorism" and fears of bio-terrorism initiated by the anthrax attacks the economy never returned to steady state. The Federal Reserve around this time began an aggressive prime rate reduction schedule. To make matters worse it seemed that the Federal Reserves policy was always too little too late. Just when the economy could not seem to get worse, an explosive series of corporate frauds and scandals were uncovered.

The Federal Reserve has limited firepower when it comes to managing the demand of the economy. It would be highly undesirable to drive the interest rate to zero as happened in the Japanese economy, the worlds second largest, which has been experiencing deflation for some time now. Deflation is a serious concern to an economy, which causes people to hold out on purchasing items in hope of a lower price a later date [1]. Indeed the economy was in need of an economic stimulus, and the Federal Reserve couldnt do it alone.

One of the biggest factors affecting the economy was consumer confidence. Basically the larger the confidence index the more likely consumers are to spend, as they anticipate future economic prosperity. At that time this number was at very low point suggesting that consumers would not spend the money they received from the tax-cut. The nations wealthiest on the other hand would invest the money they stand to gain over the next several years. The wiser investors are not as short sighted as the common person. They understand the business cycle and can afford to take more "risky" investments in the hopes of future economic improvements. Professor of economics at Florida University James D. Gwartney states that

The CBO wrote The data show considerable evidence of a very significant revenue response among taxpayers at the highest income levels.[]

These investments today are necessary for economic soundness in the future. If we focus our attention to income tax then in fact the wealthiest do bear the biggest burden.

[Lawrence Lindsey of Harvard University] found that after the tax rates were lowered, the wages and salaries of high-income taxpayers were approximately 0 percent larger than projected. Similarly, after the rate cuts capital gains were approximately 100 percent higher than projected, and high-income taxpayers business income was a whopping 00 percent higher than expected. Lindsey concluded that the main supply-side effects resulted from (a) people paying themselves more in the form of money income rather than fringe benefits and amenities, (b) increases in business activity, and (c) a reduction in tax shelter activities[]

Also when federal revenues are measured on a constant-dollar (or inflation-adjusted) basis, the rapid rise in taxes during the 10s becomes evident. Taxes peaked in 000 at $7,668 per-capita, which was up percent since 10. This is the largest run-up in federal taxes since the 4 percent increase of the 150s [5]. Furthermore, we need to look at federal income tax as a percent of GDP. In 000 this was the highest ever, which began slowly building up during the technological boom of the nineties. Now that the economy is stalling it is a time to return to some deficit spending and reduction of income tax to promote economic growth. See figure 1 and figure below which shows the income taxes and revenues since the twenties and clearly shows the steady increase over the nineties.

Figure 1 source CATO Institute www.cato.org

Figure source CATO Institute www.cato.org

Due to the nature of this tax-cut and its similarity to the Regan economic plan, much of the opposing argument is based on facts about the Regan administrations policy and the economy during that time and there after.

This kind of across-the-board tax-cut is unfairly advantageous to the rich. It will further separate the rich and the poor. "The bills benefits for the wealthy - averaging $44, a year for the top 1 percent - are proportionately a bit more than their share of the tax burden, according to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP), a Washington think tank" []. Under the Regan administration the top 5 percent increased their share of national income from 16.5 to 18. percent and the poorest one fifth decreased from 4. to .8 percent [6].

Just look at the Census Bureaus income distribution figures

•The latest data, for 18, show that the top 5 percent of households ranked by income received 1.4 percent of aggregate income -- an increase of .8 percent over the 18.6 percent share this group received in 1.

•By contrast, over the same period of time during the Reagan Administration, 180 to 186, the top 5 percent of households saw their share of aggregate income rise only 1.7 percent.

Thus the rich have gotten richer faster under Clinton than they did under Reagan. Yet Reagan was accused of encouraging greed, while Clinton has gotten a pass. [Bruce Bartlett, senior fellow, National Center for Policy Analysis, July 5, 000]

Moreover during the Regan administration by 18 there were 5. million more Americans whose salaries exceeded $50,000 a year than there were in 181 (adjusting for inflation). Similarly, there were .5 million more Americans earning more than $75,000 a year, an 8 percent increase. And the number of Americans earning less than $10,000 a year fell by .4 million workers… Incredibly, a poor household in 180 was more likely to have moved all the way up to the richest income quintile by 10 (15 percent) than to still be in the poorest quintile (14 percent) [6]. Please note that the numbers and calculations are based on Bureau of the Census, U.S. Statistical Abstract, 16, p. 478, Table 740

A capitalist economy cannot always try to redistribute the income of the people. In the limit this concept approaches socialism which discourages hard work. Such a policy would drag down the economy as a whole. The across-the-board tax-cut still leaves a progressive tax system in place. It only acts to reduce the current over taxed situation, in an attempt to re-ignite the economy at a time when it is most needed. In fact most economists believe that deficit spending while in a recession, used as a tool to expedite recovery of the economy is indeed beneficial [4].

Works Cited

[1] Abel, Andrew B., Bernanke, Ben S. Macroeconomics nd edition ( New YorkAddison Wesley 15)

[] Francis, David R "Bush Tax Cuts Widen US Income Gap" http//www.commondreams.org/headlines01/05-0.htm

[] Gwartney, James D "Supply-Side Economics" The Library of Economics and Liberty http//www.econlib.org/library/Enc/SupplySideEconomics.html#biography

[4] Wessels, Walter J. Economics third edition (New York Barrons 000)

[5] CATO Institute www.cato.org

[6] Niskanen, William A. and Moore, Stephen "Supply Tax Cuts and the Truth About the Regan Economic Record" 16 www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-61.html

[7] Bartlett, Bruce "Liberals Will Blame George W. Bush" National Center for Policy Analysis, July 5, 000 http//www.ncpa.org/pd/economy/pd070500b.html

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Hehehe

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tensile modulus increases.

(e)A drawn semicrystalline polymer that is annealed experiences a decrease in tensile modulus as a result of a reduction in chain-induced crystallinity, and a reduction in interchain bonding forces.

15.17 For each of four pairs of polymers, we are to do the following 1) determine whether or not it is possible to decide which has the higher tensile modulus; ) if it is possible, then note which has the higher tensile modulus and then state the reasons for this choice; and ) if it is not possible to decide, then state why.

(a) No, it is not possible. Both syndiotactic and isotactic polystyrene have a tendency to crystallize, and, therefore, we assume that they have approximately the same crystallinity. Furthermore, since tensile modulus is virtually independent of molecular weight, we would expect both materials to have approximately the same modulus.

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(b) Yes, it is possible. The linear and isotactic polyvinyl chloride will display a greater tensile modulus. Linear polymers are more likely to crystallize than branched ones. In addition, polymers having isotactic structures normally have higher degrees of crystallinity than those having atactic structures. Increasing a polymers crystallinity leads to an increase in its tensile modulus. In addition, tensile modulus is independent of molecular weight--the atactic/branched material has the higher molecular weight.tensile modulus increases.

(e)A drawn semicrystalline polymer that is annealed experiences a decrease in tensile modulus as a result of a reduction in chain-induced crystallinity, and a reduction in interchain bonding forces.

15.17 For each of four pairs of polymers, we are to do the following 1) determine whether or not it is possible to decide which has the higher tensile modulus; ) if it is possible, then note which has the higher tensile modulus and then state the reasons for this choice; and ) if it is not possible to decide, then state why.

(a) No, it is not possible. Both syndiotactic and isotactic polystyrene have a tendency to crystallize, and, therefore, we assume that they have approximately the same crystallinity. Furthermore, since tensile modulus is virtually independent of molecular weight, we would expect both materials to have approximately the same modulus.

(b) Yes, it is possible. The linear and isotactic polyvinyl chloride will display a greater tensile modulus. Linear polymers are more likely to crystallize than branched ones. In addition, polymers having isotactic structures normally have higher degrees of crystallinity than those having atactic structures. Increasing a polymers crystallinity leads to an increase in its tensile modulus. In addition, tensile modulus is independent of molecular weight--the atactic/branched material has the higher molecular weight.

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