Hypatia of Alexandria

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"Reserve your right to think, for even to think wrongly is better than not to think at all." Hypatia of Alexandria not only was a famous mathematician, astronomer, but also the first woman to make a considerable contribution to the world of mathematicians. Hypatia spent her life living up her deep passion for knowledge. Being the daughter of Theon, one of the most educated men in Alexandria, she was surrounded by knowledge from her birth. From her father she developed curiosity, inquisition, and a thirst for knowledge, which led her to her success.

It has been said that her father tried to create the perfect human being in raising her. She was taught of the different religions in the world and how to be influential with the power of words. Historians also believe that at a very young age she surpassed her fathers knowledge. Theon, however, was not only concerned with the mental aspect of his daughter, but he had

She became an orator, or speaker in which many students eagerly journeyed from everywhere in Europe, Asia, and Africa to hear her unique lectures. Not only was Hypatia brilliant, but also beautiful. In, fact one of her students fell madly in love with her, and while she would not have anything to do with anyone romantically he could not give up. Some say that she played music for him and it somehow cured him of his infatuation, while others say that she showed him her own stained rags to show how not all of her was incredibly beautiful, and his love of her died. Whichever story is true, she is known to be been extraordinarily beautiful and brilliant, making her the envy of both men and woman. The exact date of her birth has been debated for centuries by historians, but it is thought to have been around 70 AD. Many of her lifes works have disappeared with the destruction of the Ptolemaic libraries in Alexandria, Egypt and also when the temple of Serapis was attacked by a mob, there are very few remnants of her work left.

Hypatias contributions to mathematics and astronomy were very important, yet because of the closure of the Greek period interest in her accomplishments dwindled. Her contributions did however include her work with conic sections, which had been introduced by Appolonius, a famous geometer of her time. This work had to do with dividing cones into different parts of a plane. This very study spurred the ideas of parabolas, ellipses and hyperbolas. By working on the important text of Apollonius she simplified many of the concepts so that they could survive for many centuries. In her studies Hypatia developed alternate solutions to Diophantus Algebra dealing with the 1st degree and quadratic equations. Her works included A Commentary on the Arithmetica of Diophantus, A Commentary on the Conics of Apollonius, and she edited the third book of her fathers Commentary on the Almagest of Ptolemy. Custom writing service can write essays on Hypatia of Alexandria

Although her life appears wonderful as she was fortunate enough to be beautiful and intelligent, she however wasnt Christian in a time of Christian domination. Her interest in astrology, mathematics, and music was actually interpreted by Christians into witchcraft and Satanism. Hypatias good friend, Orestes, the civil governor despised Cyril, a leader among Christians, many people believe that Cyril organized for the mob to brutally murder Hypatia. In 415 AD a group of Christian monks seized her on the streets and barbarically beat at her, then dragged her body to a nearby church and continued to beat at her body with sharp tiles, and then buried what little remained of her.

Hypatia has been regarded as one of the most intelligent woman ever to walk the earth. Hypatia was responsible for being the only female to ever make an impact on the world of classical mathematics. After her horrible death Cyril made it so that her name would be nearly impossible to remember. He had her works destroyed, her museum destroyed, and as for himself, he was mad a saint. Her life, though, was not wasted, she contributed very much to the studies of astrology and mathematics, and was by no means lived in vain.

1.)T L Heath, A History of Greek Mathematics ( Vols.) (Oxford, 11).

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Environmental problems

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Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Although natural sources of sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides do exist, more than 0% of the sulphur and 5% of the nitrogen emissions occurring in eastern North America come from human origin. These primary air pollutants come from the use of coal in the production of electricity, from base metal smelting, and from fuel combustion in vehicles. Once released into the atmosphere, they can be converted chemically into such secondary pollutants as nitric acid and sulfuric acid, both of which dissolve easily in water. The resulting acidic water droplets can be carried long distances by very strong winds, returning to Earth as acid rain, snow, or fog. Who is affected? Basically every one who comes in contact with acid rain is affected. Among one of the serious side effects of acid pollution on humans is respiratory problems. The SO and NO emissions give rise to respitory problems such as asthma, dry coughs, headaches, eye, nose and throat irritations. An indirect effect of acid rain on humans is that the toxic metals dissolved in the water are absorbed in fruits, vegetables and in the tissues of animals. Even though these toxic metals do not directly affect the animals, they have serious effects on humans when they are being eaten. How did it happen? One of the main causes of acid rain is sulphur dioxide. Natural sources that let out this gas are volcanoes, sea spray, rotting vegetation and plankton. However, the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, are largely to be blamed for about half of the emissions of this gas in the world. When sulphur dioxide gets in the atmosphere, it oxidizes to first form a sulphate ion. It then becomes sulphuric acid as it joins with hydrogen atoms in the air and falls back down to earth in the form of acid rain, snow, or fog. Oxidation occurs the most in clouds and especially in heavily polluted air where other compounds such as ammonia and ozone help to speed up the reaction, changing more sulphur dioxide to sulphuric acid. When did it start? Since acid rain is emitted from natural sources such as volcanoes, sea spray, rotting vegetation and degassing plankton, acid rain has always been around. Although the first recorded acid rain „storm" was in 144 when readings of pH .4(as acidic as vinegar) were recorded during storms in New England. Where is the problem? Acid pollution ranges everywhere from the U.S.(the worlds biggest producer of sulfur dioxide) to the Arctic(the world smallest producer of sulfur dioxide). Because of prevailing winds acidic water droplets can be carried long distance, returning to earth as acid rain, snow or fog. Canada, for example, produces about half of its own acid rain and imports the rest from the U.S. There are 4 ways to reduce gases (which contain sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) from power plants. The first and probably best way is energy conservation. This means using less energy. Less energy means less coal burned in power plants. Burning less

coal means less acid in the air. Burning low-sulfur coal is the second step. There is a difference between high-sulfur coal and low-sulfur coal. High-sulfur coal will give off more sulfur in the air when it is burned. Burning low-sulfur coal will give off less sulfur, which means less acid will enter the air. However, high- sulfur costs two-thirds the price of low-sulfur coal. Then there are smokestack scrubbers. Scrubbers capture sulfur from smoke before it enters the air. The captured sulfur is mixed with other things, such as lime. This creates a semiliquid, which looks like wet cement. This also becomes a problem. The captured sulfur has nowhere to go. One power plant can capture an amount of 400 tons of sulfur mixture a day. Then theres the last way-search for alternate energy sources. One alternate source is nuclear power, but some believe this source may create problems even worse than acid rain. Other sources include solar power (power from the sun) and wind power. These two sources have hardly ever been tried.

Everything in our surrounding water, air, trees, natural resources… is our environment.Our planet has many eecological problems. The Earth has to support very many people.We consume a lot of natural resources and therefore we make a lot of garbage.Then we have to solve a very big problem where we will put all of this garbage?! In the Ocean?Yes Ocean is very big but what about toxic waste, nuclear waste it is very danger give this waste to the Ocean because Ocean of course is our environment!Some people say that in futurethe Moon will be our big garbage dump.I think that this is possible because there will be no more room on Earth! Cheap Custom Essays on Environmental problems

GLOBAL WARMING

Another problem is global warming.Many scientists believe that the hole in the ozon layer is caused by certain kinds of air pollution.As the hole gets bigger it is supposed that the Earth will get warmer and it means that the oceans to rise and wather to change.

AMAZON FOREST

Maybe I could tell you something about The Amazon Forest .This forest is very importatnt for the future of the world.This area contains one third of the worlds trees.However, the trees are disappearing.This is causing changes in the climate In Peru there is less snow

In Bolivia there is less rain and more wind

Why are the Amazon forests being cut?People need the land ,people have money from the trees,people built roads and Brazil owes money to internacional organization and they cut trees and they pay back debt

What will happen if more of the Amazon forest cut down? There will be serious effects on the worlds climate

The air that we breathe will lose some of its oxygen

It means that in the air will be more carbon dioxide.It will become difficult- perhaps even impossible to breathe!With more carbon dioxide in the air the temperature will rise,the ice capsat the North and South Poles will melt, the sea level will rise, and hundreds of coastal cities will be flooded.

OCEAN

How I said before seas and oceans are very important for human life.There live many kinds of animals gor example whales dolphins, sharks, fishes etc…Seas fish are very important because they are important part of human food.The most fish consume China, Russia and Japanesse.Very important is water from the sea.This water contains mineralsand for example our is from this water.In the bottom under the land there is crude oil and gus.But people are very inconsiderate and they cause that our seas are polutted in this time saes and oceands are our big garbage dump.We should ask if we will continue what we will do in the future?

CZECH REPUBLIC

Also Czech Republic has its own problems.Probably the worst problem is air pollution.People burn brown coal which is the dirtiest kind. Factories fill the air with smelly and dangerous smoke.In winter the air is unpleasant .In parts of country especially in Northern Bohemia, Prague and around Ostrava people have many health problems.

Another big problem is the destruction of nature.Industry and ever-increasing population have destroyed many forests.This problem is called deforestation.People always need more space, factories, paper, wood.In the past twenty years many beautiful old forests in Moravia and Bohemia have been destroyed. But people establish CHKO Landscape protected region here live many endangered species and you can find here many interesting plants.In LPR people are not allowed to make a noise ,faire,drop a litter go out from signated paths…

ANIMALS

Endangered species in CR frogs,stork,lynx…

Endangered species in the world Panda,whales,elephants,tiger…

SOLVE OF THESE PROBLEMS

What we can do to solve these problems? Education, discussions and debate are very important.In US so many people complained about the packinkg Mcdonaldsthat the company changed packing

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Organizational Behavior

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Organizational behavior

Organizational behavior has many different definitions, but there are some key things that are consistent in most definitions. In general the definition would include employees, the organization, and the behavior that the employees have within that organization. The definition may also include some specifics on the study of those employees, the organizational structure and their different behavior types.

Organizational behavior to me, after doing some reading on the subject, is made up of many different aspects that all tie together to make a very thorough definition. First, organizational behavior is made up of employees. Employees have different values, skill-sets, motivators, personal histories and attitudes before they come into an organization. All of these differences are brought into the organization by every single employee, which accumulates to a large variety of values and backgrounds. Second, the organization itself has its own value system, structure and goals. Organizational behavior is the study of how both the employee and organization interact with each other to make up their own set of values and goals.

As stated by Stephen P. Robbins (001), the study of these organizational behaviors are done "for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organizations effectiveness" (p. ). Knowing how to best combine the values of the employee and organization requires study on the concepts of OB as well as research within that specific organization. Custom Essays on Organizational Behavior

Although the studies of organizational behavior have been around for many years, the definition and theories continue to evolve as people and organizations evolve. The base make-up of employee and organization values are the starting point, but determining the appropriate organizational structure and the best way to keep employees satisfied, motivated and effective are more complicated. As our society continues to evolve organizations must also evolve. If organizations expect to be successful in todays fast-paced market they need to keep in tune with their organizational behavior and continue to look for ways to improve. In doing so, they will be better suited to meet employees needs, and to align the organization more effectively.

References

Robbins, S. (001). Organizational behavior [University of Phoenix Custom Edition]. Boston Pearson Custom Publishing.

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