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President Compare and Contrast Franklin D. Roosevelt and Lyndon B. Johnson
Franklin Roosevelt and Lyndon Johnson were both very important leaders of the twentieth century. Both presidents lead the country through hard times, war, and victory. Through both leaders the country gained many strengths.
Roosevelt was the thirty-second president of the United States and Johnson followed shortly behind as the thirty-sixth President. Johnson was actually one of Roosevelts personal protgs. Both Presidents had a passion for politics and pursued their passion without fear. Both presidents came from different worlds, though. Roosevelt came from a predominantly wealthy family as where Johnsons father struggled to raise his family. But, both Presidents have so much in common with the way they lead their country and a few differences. Lets start with the life of Roosevelt.
As mentioned before, Roosevelt was the thirty-second president of the United States. He was born January 0, 188. The Roosevelts had been moderately wealthy for many generations. Franklin was often in the care of a governess and tutors. Later in life he entered Harvard University and was a reasonably good student. He also met and determined to marry his cousin, Eleanor, to his mothers annoyance. Despite his mothers opposition, they were married in 105, and Franklin entered Columbia University Law School. He prepared for the bar examinations and without taking a degree became a lawyer and entered a clerkship in a Wall Street firm. It was later recalled that he had remarked to fellow clerks that he meant somehow to enter politics and finally to become president. There was never any doubt of his ambition. Order College Papers on LBJ and FCR
Roosevelts chance came in 110. He accepted the Democratic nomination for the New York Senate and was elected. Although his backing had come from Democrats affiliated with New York Citys notorious Tammany Hall, he joined a group of upstate legislators who were setting out to oppose the election of Tammanys choice for U.S. senator. The Tammany fight made Roosevelt famous in New York. He was reelected in 11. That year Woodrow Wilson was elected president; Roosevelt had been a campaign worker, and his efforts had been noticed by prominent party elder Josephus Daniels. When Daniels became secretary of the Navy in Wilsons Cabinet, he persuaded Wilson to offer Roosevelt the assistant secretary ship.
As assistant secretary, Roosevelt began an experience that substituted for the naval career he had hoped for as a boy. Before long he became restless, however, and tried to capture the Democratic nomination for U.S. senator from New York. America soon entered the war, however, and Roosevelt could work for a cause he believed in. At that time there was only one assistant secretary, and he had extensive responsibilities. Though Roosevelt tried several times to leave his civilian post to join the fighting forces, he was persuaded to remain. The American armies had saved Europe and the Europeans were ungrateful. Resentment and disillusion were widespread. The Republican Party had the advantage of not having been responsible for these foreign entanglements. In 10 they nominated Warren G. Harding, a conservative senator, as their presidential candidate. The Democrats nominated Governor James Cox of Ohio, who had had no visible part in the Wilson administration; the vice-presidential candidate was Roosevelt. It was a despairing campaign; but in one respect it was a beginning rather than an ending for Roosevelt. He made a much more noticeable campaign effort than the presidential candidate. He covered the nation by special trains, speaking many times a day, often from back platforms, and getting acquainted with local leaders everywhere. He had learned the professional politicians breeziness, was able to absorb useful information, and had an infallible memory for names and faces. The defeat was decisive; but Roosevelt emerged as the most representative Democrat.
In the summer of 11, vacationing in Canada, he became mysteriously ill. His disease, poliomyelitis, was not immediately diagnosed. He was almost totally paralyzed, however, and had to be moved to New York for treatment. He would never recover the use of his legs, a disability that seemed to end his political career.
In 1 he tried the warm mineral waters of Warm Springs, Georgia, where exercise was easier. While at Warm Springs in 18, Roosevelt was called to political duty again, this time by Al Smith, whom he had put in nomination at the Democratic conventions of 14 and 18. Almost at once, however, it became clear that Smith could not win the election. He felt, however, that Roosevelt, as candidate for governor, would help to win New York. He ran and was narrowly elected.
Roosevelt began the 4 years of his New York governorship that were preliminary to his presidency, and since he was reelected years later, it was inevitable that he should be the candidate in 1. Since 1 the nation had been sunk in the worst depression of its history, and Herbert Hoovers Republican administration had failed to find a way to recovery. This made it a favorable year for the Democrats. It would be more true to say that Hoover in 1 lost than that Roosevelt won. Roosevelt came to the presidency with a dangerous economic crisis at its height. Industry was paralyzed, and unemployment afflicted some 0 percent of the work force. Roosevelt had promised that something would be done.
Roosevelt began providing relief on a large scale by giving work to the unemployed and by approving a device for bringing increased income to farmers, who were in even worse straits than city workers. Also, he devalued the currency and enabled debtors to discharge debts that had long been frozen. Closed banks all over the country were assisted to reopen, and gradually the crisis was overcome. In 14, Roosevelt proposed a comprehensive social security system that, he hoped, would make another such depression impossible. Citizens would never be without at least minimum incomes again. Incidentally, these citizens became devoted supporters of the President who had given them this hope. In spite of the conservatives who opposed the measures he collectively called the New Deal, he became so popular that he won reelection in 16 by an unprecedented majority. His second term began with a struggle between himself and the Supreme Court. The justices had held certain of his New Deal devices to be unconstitutional. In retaliation he proposed to add new justices who would be more amenable. Many even in his own party opposed him in this attempt to pack the Court, and Congress defeated it.
Nevertheless in 140 Roosevelt determined to break with tradition and run for a third term. His reasons were partly that his reforms were far from finished, but more importantly that he was now certain of Adolf Hitlers intention to subdue Europe and go on to further conquests. Europe would be defeated unless the United States came to its support.
The presidential campaign of 140 was the climax of Roosevelts plea that Americans set themselves against the Nazi threat. He had sought to prepare the way in numerous speeches but had had a most disappointing response. So strong was American reluctance to be involved in another world war that in the last speeches of this campaign Roosevelt practically promised that young Americans would never be sent abroad to fight. Luckily his opponent, Republican Wendell Willkie, also favored support for the Allies. The campaign, won by a narrow majority, gave Roosevelt no mandate for intervention.
Roosevelt was not far into his third term, however, when the decision to enter the war was made for him by the Japanese, whose attack on Pearl Harbor caused serious losses to American forces there. Almost at once the White House became headquarters for those who controlled the strategy of what was now World War II. Roosevelt firmly believed that the first problem was to help the British, and then, when Hitler turned east, to somehow get arms to the Soviets. The Japanese could be taken care of when Europe was safe. Roosevelt wanted an early crossing of the English Channel to retake France and to force Hitler to fight on two fronts. Eventually an Allied crossing to Sicily and a slow, costly march up the Italian peninsula, correlated with the attack across the English Channel, forced the Italian collapse and the German surrender. After the German surrender, the Pacific war was brought to an end by the American atomic bomb explosion over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. By this time Roosevelt was dead. He had not participated in that doubtful decision; but he had been, with Churchill, in active command during the war until then.
Completely exhausted, Roosevelt had gone to Warm Springs early in 145. He had recently returned from a conference of Allied leaders at Yalta, where he had forced acceptance of his scheme for a United Nations and made arrangements for the Soviet Union to assist in the final subjugation of Japan. At Warm Springs he prepared the address to be used at San Francisco, where the meeting to ratify agreements concerning the United Nations was to be held. He finished signing papers on the morning of April 1, 145, and within hours he suffered a massive cerebral hemorrhage and died. His body was transported by train to Washington D.C., where he was buried in Hyde Park.
Roosevelt will always be known as the president who brought the country out of the "Great Depression" and for his strategies that helped in the victory of World War II. Many consider him a hero of the times. Johnson was not far from the same. Johnson also had a desire to fight for his country in the Navy. When things were bad in the country he was looked upon for help the same as Roosevelt. Here is a description of his terms in the presidency.
Johnson was the thirty-sixth U.S. President. He was born August 7, 108, near Johnson City, Texas. Johnsons father was a struggling farmer trying to raise his two sons and three daughters. Johnson graduated from Southwest State Teachers College in San Marcos, Texas, with a Bachelor of Science degree.
In 11, politics beckoned. He went to Washington, D.C., as secretary to Texas congressman Richard Kleberg. Almost immediately Johnsons talent for attracting affection and respect became visible. He was elected Speaker of the Little Congress, an assembly of congressional secretaries on Capitol Hill.
On November 17, 14, he married Claudia Taylor of Karnak, Texas. At age 7, he was already exhibiting his characteristic traits of energy, intellect, and tenacity when he resigned as a congressional secretary in 15 to become the Texas director of the National Youth Administration. In 17, the congressman from Texass Tenth District died suddenly. When a special election was called to select a successor, Johnson hesitated only slightly. Johnson leaped into a race crowded with eight opponents. The only candidate to support President Franklin Roosevelts court-packing plan, he did so with such vigor that the eyes of the nation were drawn to the outcome, and none watched it with more intensity than Roosevelt himself. To the amazement of political veterans, the 8-year-old Johnson won the race.
President Roosevelt, in Texas on a fishing trip, was so elated that he invited Johnson to accompany him back to Washington, D.C. Thus, Johnson became his personal protg. Johnson was brought into the councils of ruling establishmentarians of the House of Representatives.
In 141, Johnson entered another special election, this time for a Senate seat made vacant by a death. Nearly every community watched the tall, smiling Johnson alight from his helicopter. In a bitter campaign Johnson lost by 1,11 votes to Governor W. Lee ODaniel.
That December Johnson became the first member of Congress to enter active military duty. He joined the Navy and in 14 received the Silver Star for gallantry in a bombing mission over New Guinea. When President Roosevelt ordered all congressmen back to the capital in 14, Johnson reentered the House.
In 148, Johnsons restless quest for higher office was finally successful. In a savagely fought senatorial campaign, he defeated a former governor of Texas by a celebrated margin of 87 votes. In January 151, just three years into his first term, Johnson was elevated to Democratic assistant minority leader. In 15, when the post of minority leader in the Senate opened up Democratic senators without hesitation chose Johnson to take charge. With the congressional elections of 154, the Democrats took command of both houses. And with this new alignment, Johnson again set a record as the youngest man ever to become majority leader.
Johnson became the complete Senate leader. Now one voice spoke for the Democrats, as Johnson became the second most powerful man in Washington, D.C. He handled the Senate with confidence and skill. The Republican opposition found it impossible to outflank this majority leader; legislation opposed by Johnson rarely found acceptance by the Senate.
Johnson led the first civil rights bill in 8 years through the Senate. He guided to final victory the first space legislation in the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 158. In 158, designated by President Dwight Eisenhower to represent the United States at the United Nations, he presented the resolution calling for the peaceful exploration of outer space. He exposed wastes in defense procurement during the Korean War and conducted defense hearings that were a model of accuracy and dispassionate scrutiny.
In 160, Johnson briefly opposed John F. Kennedy for the Democratic presidential nomination; then Kennedy electrified the country by choosing Johnson as his vice-presidential running mate. While some Kennedy supporters grumbled, experts later agreed that Johnsons relentless campaigning in Texas and throughout the South had provided Kennedy with his winning margin. As vice-president, Johnson had important assignments. One of his principal tasks was the burgeoning space program, which was overshadowed by Russian triumphs with Sputnik and subsequent innovations that put the United States in an inferior role. For civil rights, he was the chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity forces.
On November , 16, President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. Aboard the plane Air Force One at Love Field in Dallas, Johnson took the presidential oath of office on November . Giving orders to take off seconds later, the new president flew back to Washington to take command of the government, while the nation grieved for its fallen leader.
Five days after taking office, President Johnson appeared before a joint session of the Congress. Speaking with firmness and controlled passion, he pledged, we shall continue. The new president--meeting round the clock with staff, Cabinet, and congressmen--unbuckled key legislation, so that within a few short months the tax cut and the civil rights bills were passed by Congress and signed by the President.
Six months after assuming the presidency, Johnson announced his concept of the Great Society. The areas he considered vital were health and education; the whole complex of the urban society, with its accompanying ills of ghettos, pollution, housing, and transportation; civil rights; and conservation.
Johnson took his innovative domestic programs to the nation in the election of 164. The American involvement in Vietnam, sanctioned by three presidents, became an issue. He won by a margin of almost 16 million votes, more than 61 percent of the total vote, the widest margin in totals and percentage of any presidential election in American history. Between 165 and 168 the Congress passed more than 07 landmark bills.
In education, Johnsons administration tripled expenditures. By the end of 168, 1.5 million students were receiving Federal aid to help them gain their college degrees; over 10 million people learned new skills through vocational education; and 1,000 school districts received special help under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. More than 600,000 disabled citizens were trained through vocational rehabilitation programs. Head Start and other preschool programs brought specific assistance to more than two million children.
In the area of health, Johnsons administration increased Federal expenditures from $4 billion to $14 billion in four years. Medicare covered more than 0 million Americans, and more than seven million received its benefits. About 1 million children were vaccinated against four severe diseases, reducing by 50 percent the number of children who suffered from these diseases, and more than million children received health care under Medicaid in one year. Some 86 community mental health centers were built. More than 0,000 mothers and 680,000 infants received care through the Maternal and Child Health programs. Some 460,000 handicapped children were treated under the Crippled Childrens Program.
Fighting poverty, the Johnson administration lifted more than 6,000,000 Americans out of the poverty depths. Over 100,000 young men and women completed Job Corps training; . million needy Americans were helped under the Food Stamp Program; school children benefited from the School Milk and School Lunch programs.
In the area of human and civil rights, the Voting Rights Act was passed in 165, and within years nearly 1 million Negroes registered to vote in the South. More than 8 percent of all the nations hospitals agreed to provide services without discrimination. More than 8 percent of all Negro families by 168 earned about $7,000 a year, doubling the 160 figure. Some 5 percent more Negroes found professional, technical, and managerial jobs between 164 and 168. In housing, in four years the Johnson administration generated the construction of 5.5 million new homes. Direct Federal expenditures for housing and community development increased from $65 million to nearly $ billion. Two million families received Federal Housing Administration improvement loans. Federal assistance provided housing for 15,000 families earning less than $7,000 a year. Nearly $47 million was spent for water and sewage facilities in small towns. More than .5 million rural citizens benefited from economic opportunity loans, farm operation and emergency loans, and watershed and rural housing loans.
The Johnson administration presided over the longest upward curve of prosperity in the history of the nation. More than 85 months of unrivaled economic growth marked this as the strongest era of national prosperity. The average weekly wage of factory workers rose 18 percent in four years. Over nine million additional workers were brought under minimum-wage protection. Total employment, increased by 7.5 million workers, added up to 75 million; the unemployment rate dropped to its lowest point in more than a decade.
In foreign affairs the President made significant achievements. In the Western Hemisphere, at Punta del Este, Uruguay, the Latin American nations agreed to a common market for the continent. Normal relations with Panama were restored and a new canal treaty negotiated. In Cyprus, at the brink of war, the Presidents special emissaries knitted a settlement that staved off conflict. A rebellion in the Congo, which would have had ugly repercussions throughout the continent, was put down with American aid in the form of transport planes. In the Dominican Republic, an incipient Communist threat was challenged by an overwhelming show of American force, with Latin American allies.
An outer-space treaty was negotiated with the Soviet Union and a nuclear nonproliferation treaty was formulated and agreed to in Geneva. In June 167 the President met with Premier Alexei Kosygin of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was successfully realigned after France withdrew, and the vast Western European alliance was restructured and strengthened.
It was the troubled Southeast Asian problem in South Vietnam to which Johnson devoted long, tormented hours. When Johnson first became chief executive, 16,000 American troops were in Vietnam as advisers and combat instructors. In 165 the United States decided to increase its military support of South Vietnam and authorized commitment of more American troops. By 168 there was considerable disaffection over the Asian policy, and many critics in and out of the Congress determined to force the Johnson administration to shrink its commitment and withdraw U.S. troops.
Beginning in April 165 with the Presidents speech at Johns Hopkins University, in which he set forth the American policy of reconstruction of the area and the promulgation of the Asian Development Bank as an instrument of peace building, the Johnson administration attempted to negotiate with North Vietnam, whose troops were infiltrating into the South in increasing numbers. A 7-day bombing pause in December 165 raised hopes for negotiation, but lack of response from the North Vietnamese blotted this out, and the bombing resumed.
Assaulted by fierce and growing criticism, yet determined to fix some course of action that would diminish the war and commence serious peace talks, the President startled the nation and the world on March 1, 168, by renouncing his claim to re-nomination for the presidency. Johnson said that he believed that the necessity for finding a structure of peaceful negotiation was so important that even his own political fortunes must not be allowed to stand in its way. Therefore, he stated, he would not seek re-nomination, so he could spend the rest of his days in the presidency searching for negotiation without any political taint marring a possible response from the enemy.
On May 11, 168, it was announced that peace talks would indeed begin in Paris, and in November 168 the President declared that all bombing of North Vietnam would cease. Johnson retired to his ranch near San Antonio, Texas, and began to nurse a serious heart ailment.
On the afternoon of January , 17, Johnson suffered a heart attack while lying down to take a nap. He was flown to a hospital by his Secret Service agents, but was pronounced dead on arrival at 4 p.m. His body lay in state first at the Johnson Library in Austin, Texas, then, as is usual for American presidents, in the rotunda of the Capitol in Washington, D.C. until his burial on his beloved ranch.
Johnson and Roosevelt have so much more to compare than to contrast. They were both great men who wanted to fight for their country and improve the quality of life for the citizens of America. They both lead their country through war whether the end result was victorious or not. They also both lead the country through crucial times in Americas history, also. Roosevelt with the depression and World War II, and Johnson helped his country through the Vietnam War and made a huge milestone in history by passing the Civil Rights Act. There is little doubt that Johnson and Roosevelts impress on the quality of life in the United States will be long remembered.
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