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Friday, February 5, 2021

Good to Evil

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In William Goldings Lord of the Flies, a group of well brought up British boys, get stranded on a deserted island. This bokk shows that even the most civil people are shown to become hateful towards the people who try to keep order, create chaos and act savagely. In fact, by comparing Jack and Ralphs leadership styles, level of violence, and how they have changed, it becomes evidently clear that without order and direction we are no better off then the animals.


From the beginning of the book Jack and Ralphs leadership styles were very different. Jacks first instinct told him that they needed to hunt. ""The choir belongs to you, of course.""They could be an army- "Or hunters-"(5). Before Jack even knows weather or not there was anything to hunt, Jack wants to give his choir to Ralph so they could be hunters. Jack doesnt care what he might be


hunting and killing, he just wants to kill something. Jack has a more vulgare leadership style.


Unlike Jack Ralphs first instinct was to find away to be rescued and get off the island. " "We can


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help them find us. If a ship comes near the island they may not notice us. So we must make


smoke on top of the mountain. We must make a fire."" Ralph has a more civil idea then Jack.


Ralph wants to get off the island, and he is trying to find away to help people to find them. Ralph


doesnt want to stay on the island and hunt, he wants to get off and go home. Jack and Ralphs


leadership styles are completely different right from the beginning. Jack is wanting to act more


savagely and Ralph is using a little more logic.


Later, Jacks level of violence sky rockets, and Jack is completely transformed into a


savage. "He heard a curious trickling sound and then a louder crepitation as if someone were


unwrapping great sheets of cellophane. A stick snapped and he stifled a cough. Smoke was


seeping through the branches in white and yellow wisps, the patch of blue sky over head turned


to the colour of a storm cloud, and then the smoke billowed round him." Jack tried to smoke


Ralph out of the thicket which he had crawled into to avoid being killed by Jack and his tribe.


Jacks plan caused the entire island to go up in flames. Jack caught the hole island on fire to kill


Ralph. Ralph does break and acts violently in the book. Jack participates in the murder of Simon.


""Piggy"."


"Uh?"


"That was Simon."


"You said that before."


"Piggy."


"Uh?"


"That was murder."


"You stop it! What good are you doing talking like that?" [Piggy] jumped to his feet and stood


over Ralph.


"It was dark. There was that- that bloody dance. There was lightning and rain. We was scared!"


"I wasnt scared,"Ralph said slowly, "I was- I dont know what I was" (17-17)


The savage came out of Ralph and unlike Jack Ralph had realized what was happening to them.


He faced the reality of them all turning into savages because they have no rules, they have no


order and no direction to tell them what is right and what is wrong.


Finally, by the end of the novel Jack and Ralph show how much they have changed. Jack


has changed from a young British boy who was respected by his choir. He had slightly violent


tendances like stabbing the tree but was still to civil to kill a pig. ""[I hesitated because] I was


choosing a place, I was just waiting for a moment to decide where to stab him."" Jack was still to


civil in the beginning of the book to kill the pig without any emotion or thought. Then when he


tells the tribe he becomes upset and stabbed the tree trunk aggressively.


""We saw-"


"Squealing-"


"It broke away-"


"Before I could kill it-but-next time!"


Ralph slammed his knife into a trunk and looked around challengingly""(6).


Jack became angry when he didnt succeed in killing the pig and showed a more violent side. But


by the end of the novel Jack was completely transformed into a savage who was willing to kill


Ralph just because he disliked him. ""[Jack and his tribe] hate you, Ralph. Theyre going to hunt


you tomorrow "(08). The twins Samneric warn Ralph that Jack is planning to hunt him like hes


a pig. Unlike jack Ralph has changed for the better. Ralph matured throughout the novel. In the


beginning Ralph was carefree and lived in a fantasy world. ""[My dads] a commander in the


navy. When he gets leave hell come and rescue us"


"When will your father rescue us?"


"Soon as he can."


"How does he know were here?" Because, thought Ralph because, because"(14). Ralph was a


real optimist and hoped for the best and didnt base anything on facts. He thought everything


would work out fine. As the novel progressed Ralph matured and started using logic. Ralph


shows his maturity when he wants to clean up to go talk to Jack about Piggys stolen glass.


""Hell be painted."


"Well we wont be painted, because we arent savages""(11). Ralph does not want to be painted


because he wants to remind Jack that they are not savages. Without order and direction Jack


became savage and while Ralph remained civil he was disliked by the boys for trying to keep


order on the island.


In conclusion, a group of well brought up British boys lost all to most of there sense of


right and wrong with out having order and direction, and for the ones who still tried to keep order


and direction in there lives were outcast by the boys who became savage like. Without order and


direction the boys in this novel changed into animals.


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Thursday, February 4, 2021

Analyse the impact of globalisation on the economic development and standard of living in an economy other than Australia.

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Globalisation is the progressive integration of national economies, leading to the removal of both natural and artificial barriers to the movement of goods, services, resources and finance between nations. The process of globalisation involves economic integration, world trade and financial flows, the increasing spread of technology, the growth of financial markets and products, the different directions of flow of investment portfolio and direct investment, and the movement of labour resources between countries. Different nations have been affected in different ways by globalisation, depending on their degree of development and the extent to which they are open to the flows of the world economy.


The growth of the global economy has increased the opportunity for investment by breaking down national boundaries. This has facilitated the worldwide introduction of new technology, although technology has spread at different rates in different regions.


Workers move between countries to find better employment opportunities. The numbers involved are still quite small, but in the period 165-0 the foreign-born proportion of labour forces worldwide increased by about one-half. Most immigration occurs between developing countries.


Increased globalisation, facilitated by a reduction in trade protection and increased financial deregulation, has meant that changes in trade and financial flows can have significant effects on a national economy. As a result many countries have become export focused and now rely upon foreign funds to finance economic expansion. This has also meant that national governments must consider to a much greater extent the international consequences of domestic economic policy.


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Trade occurs between countries, as it is beneficial for both countries. It is beneficial because of the differences in the distribution of resources between nations. A countries combination of resources or factor endowments (land, labour, capital and enterprise), allow a particular country to produce certain goods more efficiently and effectively than other countries can. These differences mean that it is in the interest of a country to specialise in the production of goods and services in which it is efficient. Trading of its surpluses for goods and service for which it does not produce as efficiently allows that country to enjoy a greater variety of these than would otherwise be possible.


Comparative advantage is based on the relative efficiency of production and is a state where each country benefits from trade by specialising in the production of goods and services, which allow the most efficient use of resources. Comparative advantage uses the concept of opportunity cost in production where if a country can produce a good with greater comparative efficiency as measured by opportunity cost it should specialise and engage in trade. As both countries are using their resources more efficiently, trade will lead to higher standard of living than would be otherwise possible. This is compared to absolute advantage where a country would have an absolute advantage in the production of a good when it can produce more of that good with a given amount of resources than another country.


Protection which is undertaken by the government is design to prevent free trade. This can be done to protect infant industries, ensure there are employment opportunities in the domestic economy, prevent dumping, reduce a countries dependency on foreign producers and limit the level of the trade deficit. Protection is needed in Australia as Australian workers cannot compete against low-wage countries without suffering a reduction in wage rates. Also if one country resorts to protection another country may retaliate, with the original country losing an export market and suffering increased domestic unemployment. Methods of protection include tariffs, subsidies, quotas and embargoes.


A tariff is a tax imposed by the government on imported goods. Tariffs make the imported item more expensive and therefore less competitive with the locally produced item. Tariffs raise revenue for the government and cause resources to be reallocated from efficient industries to inefficient and uncompetitive industries. Through the introduction of a tariff, there is a redistribution of income away from consumers and importers towards domestic producers and the government.


A quota is legally imposed to control the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country over a given period of time. For some products there is a quota tender system whereby importers pay the government for new quotas. Quotas on imports are often more effective in providing protection for domestic producers than tariffs because once the import quota has been filled further imports are prohibited, and producers are guaranteed a share of the domestic market.


Globalisation can be said to have been beneficial by increasing economic growth, living standards and general economic conditions. It can also be argued that globalisation has increased the level of inequality between nations and within nations. This can be said to have been responsible for increased unemployment and the reduction of living standards in developing countries.


Standard of living is the general level of material well-being of people in a country. There are two main ways of measuring variations in standard of living. These are Income and Quality of Life Indicators, and Human Development Index (HDI).


HDI measures the welfare rather than exclusively the economic living standards of economic development. It takes into account life expectancy at birth, levels of educational attainment and gross domestic product per capita. The HDI is a score between 0 for nations with no human development and 1 for maximum human development.


World development and quality of life indicators are based on development indicators, which include infant mortality rate, energy consumption, calories per day, adult literacy rate etc.


Economic growth is the increasing ability of a country to satisfy the material wants of its people over a period of time, usually one year. It is measured by Gross National Product (GNP) which is the total added from domestic and foreign sources in a country and includes Gross Domestic Product (GDP) plus net receipts of primary income from non-resident sources. Economic growth leads to an outward shift in the economys production possibility curve enabling greater national output, material welfare and rise in living standards.


China is a newly industrialised country (NIC) as it is experiencing rapid increases in manufacturing and economic growth. This increase was sudden in the last quarter of the twentieth century, to begin leaping across the development gap between developing countries and high income countries. With a population of 1. billion people, which is % of the worlds population, what happens in China tends to affect the rest of the world.


On the 11th December 001 China joined the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Members of the organisation receive the benefits of having access to the markets of fellow members and bear the costs of opening their own domestic markets to foreign competitors. The conditions for China to have entered the WTO included (1) the lowering of tariffs on imports, () permitting foreign firms to sell directly in Chinese domestic markets, and () the opening of the telecommunication and finance sectors to more foreign competition. China agreed to lower its tariffs on agricultural products from 1.5% to 14.5% overall by January 004. Tariffs on industrial products would be lowered by 5% to 17% in a period of 5 years. Foreign manufacturers would be able to sell their products directly to domestic consumers without having to go through Chinese trade organisations. China also agreed to open its service industries. Foreign investors would be able to own 40% of the shares in commercial companies, to increase to 50% two years after joining WTO. Foreign firms would be able to hold minority shares in securities fund management joint ventures, at % initially and increasing to 4% three years after joining.


Premier Zhu Rongjis main motivation for promoting Chinas entry into the WTO was to use foreign competition to speed up economic reform in both the industrial and service sectors.


The lowering of tariffs would lead to an increase in the imports of both agricultural and industrial products for consumers. The prices of these products are expected to decline and the quality of the products would improve, both to the benefits of Chinese consumers. Competition will force Chinese producers to lower their prices and improve the quality of their products. Those firms that cannot compete will have to adjust, some possibly going bankrupt. Foreign manufacturers operating in China will also provide competition, with effects similar to those of lowering tariffs on imports. As a result of this globalisation local foreign producers have the advantages over importers of being able to use the low-cost labour in China and saving the cost of transporting the final products to China.


China is also committed to reducing non-tariff barriers on imports. Over the next five years, it will replace import licensing and tariff-rate quotas, which provide guaranteed access for a set volume of imports at a relatively low cost. It will also dismantle internal protectionism, which in the past has been a challenge since barriers have been widely erected to favour local products.


Since WTO membership requires China to lower tariffs on agricultural and manufactured products and allows foreign firms to enter Chinas manufacturing and selected service sectors, there will be structural changes in Chinas economy. Structural changes include changes in the relative importance of different industrial sectors and of state versus nonstate sectors. From this is could be expected a relative decline of the agricultural sectors and the relative increase in importance of certain sectors dealing with financial services and telecommunications. Also a decline in the state sector could be expected compared with the nonstate sectors and a possible increase in the efficiency of Chinese enterprises as tariffs are lowered, foreign firms enter the Chinese market, and they are subjected to more foreign competition. Firms that fail to compete will have to find ways to downsize, to reorganise or to adopt new technology and new ways of management to survive.


Chinas economy was essentially a closed economy before the economic reform. In 178, the total volume of its foreign trade amounted to only 7% of its national income. Dengs open-door policy encouraged the opening of China to foreign imports and the promotion of exports. By 178, the volume of foreign trade has increased to 5% and by 18 to 7% of gross domestic product.


Foreign trade (total imports plus exports) increased from $US115.4 billion in 10 to $US. billion in 18. To account for the total volume of trade in 1, Chinas main trading partners were Japan (57. billion), the United States (54. billion), Hong Kong (45.4 billion), Korea (1. billion), Taiwan (0.5 billion), Germany (14. billion), and Europe (58.7 billion). Chinas imports grew 1.% between January and July 00 to $US155.6 billion below the 16.% growth in exports to $US171. billion. Manufactured goods accounted for 16. billion of the 18.8 billion of total exports in 1. As a result of globalisation manufactured goods such as textiles, clothing, shoes, toys, sports goods, and tools that are found in stores in the United States.


As of 180 China had established trade relations with more than 170 counties and regions and had signed bilateral trade agreements or protocols with more than 80 of them. This change must have resulted from the realisation among Chinese leaders of the gain to be achieved from international trade. The exports of goods and services grow by 1% from 180-18.


Foreign investment, the second component of the open-door policy, was promoted through the opening of different regions of China. In 18 the Shenzhen economic zone bordering Hong Kong was created. Infrastructure was built. Foreign investors could set up factories there to take advantage of the inexpensive and skilled labour and pay them at market-determined wage rates different from the rates in other parts of China.


Attracting foreign investment is a main motivation of Dangs open-door policy. This policy was a complete turn around form the thinking of the Chinese Communist party that foreign capitalists came to China to exploit the Chinese people. Exploitation takes the form of using cheap Chinese labour and extracting Chinese natural resources at low prices. Foreign investors take over Chinese land to set up their business. Foreign factories pollute the physical environment of China. Foreign businesses make money from the Chinese people. The sale of their goods drives out domestically produced goods in Chinese markets. Human rights advocates complain that capitalist investors exploit cheap labourers in developing countries, although the wages are quite a bit higher than most domestic wages in those countries. Buying the right to dispose of waste on the cheaper land of developing countries is considered immoral and so is polluting the environment.


Considering all these negatives of the affects of globalisation the Chinese government sees it as beneficial to China if it is properly regulated. It sees foreign investment as an important part for Chinas modernisation and economic development. It has encouraged foreign investment by setting up special economic zones and opening 14 cities. Foreign investment has provided to China capital, new technology, managerial skills, and training for labour. It has also provided competition in the domestic market, and competition has forced domestic enterprises to become more efficient. Chinas entry into the WTO makes Chinas door even more open. Both foreign investment and foreign trade are expected to increase because of it. Foreign firms will begin to penetrate Chinas financial and telecommunications sectors. Trade will increase in both directions. The Chinese government has committed to lowering tariffs on both agricultural and industrial products, which will lead to an increase in imports. Chinese exports will also increase because Chinese goods will have better access to world markets open to members of the WTO.


As the Chinese economy expanded, investors saw the potential of a large Chinese domestic market. Foreign investment grew rapidly. Foreign direct investment grew from $US.487 billion in 10 to $US 45.46 billion in 18. Other foreign investment grew from $US0.68 billion in 10 to $US .04 billion in 18. In 1 China ranked third in attracting foreign direct investment among all the counties and regions in the world.


The Chinese government is eager to build infrastructure, including highways, ports, telecommunication systems, etc., that require capital and modern technology which can be supplied by foreign investment. Chinese state enterprises are also looking for foreign partners to upgrade their technology, management, labour, and marketing abilities. Many foreign investors know about these needs and have taken advantage of such opportunities. The Chinese consumer markets are being opened wider as import quotas and tariffs are being reduced, partly as a result of the Chinese governments desire to join APEC and the WTO, and partly as a result of the rapid increase in Chinas reserves in hard currencies which can be spent to increase imports. Besides selling to the Chinese market, foreign companies also take advantage of the cheap and skilled labour in China to produce exports. To take advantage of economic globalisation opportunities in China, investors have to deal with the Chinese bureaucracy in the bureaucratic market economy.


The objectives of the Peoples Bank are to formulate and carry out monetary policy, improve macroeconomic regulation, and exercises control over financial enterprises and markets. The objectives of monetary policy are to stabilise the value of the currency and in so doing promote economic growth. The Peoples Bank is to determine the quantity of money supply, the rates of interest, the exchange rate and related matters subject to the approval of the State Council. The instruments for the conduct of monetary policy include (1) setting reserve requirements for financial institutions, () setting the central banks base interest rate, () rediscounting for financial institutions which have established accounts in the Peoples Bank, (4) providing loans to the commercial banks, (5) buying and selling government bonds, bonds issued by government units, and foreign exchange, and (6) other instruments as determined by the State council. The exchange rate stays in a tight range of 8.76 to 8.8 yuan to the US dollar. For the government whose priority is to find work for 1-15 million people joining the job market each year, the benefits of a stable exchange rate is a great asset.


China was affected by the Asian financial crisis in July 17 but only to a moderate extent. Economic growth was slower. At this time it would have probably been more beneficial for the Peoples Bank to exercise a more expansionary monetary policy by increasing credit and the money supply more rapidly. The Chinese government was trying to raise aggregate demand following the financial crisis by increasing expenditure on the building of infrastructure. Instead of financing expenditure by issuing bonds, the government could have financed some of the projects by issuing more money, or non-interest baring government debt.


Fiscal policy consists mainly of setting the amount of government expenditure given the level of government revenue, which is determined by the tax structure and the economic conditions. A need for fiscal policy has developed since economic planning became less important and market forces were allowed to determine aggregate output. The Chinese Government has previously signalled its intention to maintain the fiscal stimulus it has been using to strengthen the countrys economic growth rate over the past few years.


For China to have economic growth it needs to maintain an annual GDP growth rate above 7% to create jobs for the tens of millions of new jobseekers who enter the labour force every year. Between 10-8 China showed an average real GDP growth of 11.1% this was one of the highest in the world at the time. Chinas GNP per capita was $US 105 in 15.


China had a Human Development Index (HDI) ranking of 8 in the world in 17 out of 174 countries. Its HDI was at 0.701. In the 0 Provinces rankings ranged from the highest HDI value in 15 with Shanghai at 0.885 to the lowest ranking in Tibet with 0.1. Chinas life expectancy in 17 was 6.8 years. This ranged from 75. years in Shanghai to 5.8 years in Tibet. Chinas adult literacy rate was 8.% in 17. Out of the provinces Beijing had the highest with .1% and Tibet the lowest at only 8.5%. Chinas Real GDP per capita (PPP $US) was ,10 in 17. This ranged from 10,01 in Shanghai to 1,11 in Guizhou.


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Tuesday, February 2, 2021

Gender Roles

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As a child, we are very unaware of who we are and definitely who well one day become. Social interaction within the social setting plays a large role in shaping our personality. And, understanding ones gender role has an all-around impact here. Developing into a man or woman takes much more than just hitting puberty and acquiring a jolt of hormones. By socially interacting with the environment around them, children are able to process information which seemingly shapes their gender role.


Even as a toddler I was somewhat aware of what it meant to be a boy or a girl. How? The media. For many, many moons now it seems as if the media has set a standard for what little boys and little girls look like. Its all in the colors pink and blue. Even at the hospital, babies whove just popped out of the womb are color coordinated with pink and blue gowns. The media has even coined a name for a specific color which represents baby boys baby blue. Its that simple and even though there are many other ways that the media inadvertently establishes gender roles, it seems to me that these two colors set the basis and clearly designate who's who between smaller children.


Speaking of whos who, once children are in pre-school, kindergarten, daycare, etc. they find themselves in a social setting. Once here, they gather a general consensus of what it means to be a boy or a girl from experience with other boys and girls. Personally, I think its all in the toys. Atleast, when I was a kid, I knew what it meant to be a boy just by playing with my GI Joe action figures. I felt incredibly masculine when battling it out with all my GI Joes; making gun noises and enacting battle scenes. It was clear to me then. I was in my own corner of the daycare center with my friend Tommy while the girls were always playing with dolls or playing house or something like that. We didnt pay much attention to them. Their interests were completely different from ours and therefore, we were able to distinguish ourselves apart from them.


Honestly, my familys impact on determining my gender role was a lot more subtle. I have two brothers and basically grew up in a house full of boys. The only woman around was my mom so I had no sisters to compare myself to. Yet, my family is from Texas and it seems that, when it comes to household duties, gender roles play a big part. For example, as long as I can remember, my mom has always been the one in charge of cooking and cleaning the house. My dad, my brothers and I did all the other dirty work like taking out the garbage, maintaining our land and fixing anything that was broken. I understand that most Oregonians would view this system as primitive but Id have them realize that Texans and many other southern states still operate in this traditional manner.Order College Papers on Gender Roles


As children, we are unable to clarify exactly what being a little girl or boy means by just looking down at our genitals. The society around us and the manner which we interact with that society seems to be the major deciding factor. Whether we like it or not, we are subject to influence even at a young age and whether it be the media, our peers or our families, we socially obtain information and, from there, personally define our own gender roles.


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