Leonardos the Last Supper

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Leonardos the Last Supper. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Leonardos the Last Supper paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Leonardos the Last Supper, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Leonardos the Last Supper paper at affordable prices!

Leonardos, "The Last Supper"

Leonardos Last Supper is a priceless piece of art with much hidden meaning and obvious talents painted upon a wall. Under the study of Verrocchio as a painter and a sculptor, he was able to use his skills in creating a very detailed and a very naturalistic piece of work that would be remembered by thousands of people for hundreds of years. He was also able to create characters with amazing individuality. What attracts so many people to see this painting is its religious aspect, the realism in the figures, and the symbolism.

One reason that the painting, The Last Supper is so widely known is the religious aspect of it. It has almost become a sight of religious pilgrimage. The remembrance of the Last Supper could be due to the sacredness of the parting meal. It is quite obvious that the skill used in the creation of the Last Supper was magnificent. Although, the way Leonardo allows its viewers to depict the scene from a specific point in the Bible adds to the importance and significance of the painting in which no other artist could even compare. He does allow the viewer to recognize this scene by the gestures of both the Lord and the Apostles. The Lord sits ever so quietly while the Apostles rise in reaction to what the Lord had just announced. It is rather obvious that Leonardo chose the critical moment after the Lord had stated, 'Verily I say unto you that one of you shall betray me, because of the emotions that evolve in this specific scene. This emotion that is seen on the apostles faces is another good reason why this painting is so renown and desired. He took much time to express every detail of each Apostle and the Lord. For example, the Lord is very relaxed with his arms resting on the table, which adds to the portrayal of his greatness. He also emphasized the Lords greatness by giving him a serious attitude (or at least a serious look on his face) and by presenting him as untouchable with the space between Himself and the Apostles. Although, the Apostles are painted in a more restless fashion, they are all facing different ways and seem to be jumping out of their seats. Another attraction to this work of art is the religious aspect that is apparent in all areas of the painting.

The incredible detail that Leonardo accomplished in "The Last Supper" was another large part of the popularity of this work of art. He was very cautious in his painting, from the placement of the figures to the movement they each possessed. Leonardo had to create actions and various postures that would be appropriate for each figure in order to keep them from looking as if they were brothers. For each of the twelve Apostles he had to not only resort to the historical information on their names and on their appearances but also by the portrayal of their qualities as they are known to us from the Gospels. Leonardo continued to distinguish each of the Apostles, as he felt necessary. Leonardo not only arranged the Apostles in four groups according to kinship and the personal links they shared, but each of the twelve Apostles exhibit a reaction appropriate to their character. Each disciple reacted in his own way, as men. The Lord Jesus was also given qualities that distinguished him from everyone else. Jesus hands are laid in a resting fashion on the table. His hands lie between the filled cup and the unbroken bread, the symbols of sacrifice, as if pointing in a silent gesture towards them. He seems to relay a message that His business has not yet been completed. Only the objects in front of Him remain in order, as does He remain calm, unlike the objects in front of the Apostles which are in disarray, as are the Apostles also in an northerly emotional state of confusion. Leonardo uses the description of the table to symbolize the state in which the Apostles and Jesus are. Leonardo really believed that the perspective of light was important because it ensured to make the Last Supper as realistic as possible.

Custom Essays on Leonardos the Last Supper

The third key as to why this piece is so successful is the symbolism used in the figures. The grouping of the apostles in three was done intentionally. He used four groups of three Apostles in each group in order to symbolize the Holy Trinity, which means three, and the four groups were used to symbolize the Gospels and the Cardinal Virtues. Also, Judas was put outside the circle of the innocent Apostles and only his shadowed profile can be found. He is the only one to be found sitting in the shadows and in solitude. This allows the viewer to see the guilt he had, for he knew he was the one who would betray the Lord Jesus. He is also frozen in shock, and he is an outcast in the group. The significance of the portrayal of Judas is very important because in earlier pictures of the Last Supper, no one had ever been able to show this.

These three aspects of Leonardos "The Last Supper," religious appeal, vigorous attention to detail, and deep symbolism all in affect add to the popularity of this ever-famous piece of art. While there are many more attractants to art than those stated above. These seem to be the three most prevalent in art history.

Please note that this sample paper on Leonardos the Last Supper is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Leonardos the Last Supper, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Leonardos the Last Supper will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

French essay

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on french essay. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality french essay paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in french essay, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your french essay paper at affordable prices!

Sub units Decomposition reactions | Thermal decomposition | Catalytic decomposition | Electrolytic decomposition

When a substance decomposes, it breaks up into two or more simpler substances.

Decomposition can take place in a number of ways Help with essay on french essay

Thermal decomposition

Catalytic decomposition

Electrolysis

Sub units Decomposition reactions | Thermal decomposition | Catalytic decomposition | Electrolytic decomposition

What is the rate of a chemical reaction? The rate of a chemical reaction is how fast the reactants react.

How to find the rate of a reaction? In general to find the rate of a reaction, you should measure either the amount of reactant used up per unit of time or the amount of product produced per unit of time.

The rate during the reaction does not stay constant, it changes throughout the reaction, its greatest at the start but gets slower as the reaction proceeds. I think this is mainly to do with the fact the longer the reaction has taken place the more of the reactants react leaving fewer reactants with less chance of reacting.

Successful collision. For the reactants to be able to react they have to successfully collide with each other. The chance of a successful collision can be increased or decreased by using many different factors.

Temperature Temperature alters the rate of a reaction by supplying the reactant particles with more energy, the more energy the reactants have the faster they move around increasing theyre are chance of bumping into one another and having a successful collision. Also the more energy they get from the heat the more particles have enough energy to react, this is known as activation energy. Generally the greater the temperature the faster the rate of a reaction, the rate doubles every 10°c.

Surface Area The greater the surface area of the reactants the more particles are available for a successful collision.

A Catalyst A catalyst is a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction but remains chemically unchanged itself.

Concentration Concentration effects the rate of a reaction because the higher the concentration of particles the greater the chance of a successful collision. The general trend for the concentration is the rate doubles as the concentration doubles (theyre directly proportionate).

What is Activation energy? Activation energy is the amount of energy required for the reactants to successfully react. The reactants need a certain amount of energy, any extra energy increases theyre chance of a successful collision.

Experiment

To investigate the rate of reaction I have decided to use the concentration as a variable. I am going to use marble chip (Calcium Carbonate) and Hydrochloric acid. I will alter the concentration of the hydrochloric acid each time, and I will measure the amount of Carbon Dioxide product given off.

I have chosen to use these because during the reaction Carbon Dioxide is given off, this is a gas and highly insoluble in water. The method I have planned will accommodate this.

Though some carbon dioxide is soluble in water the amount is negligible,

At room temp (0°c) in 1l of water 1.6 10 will dissolve.

Please note that this sample paper on french essay is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on french essay, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on french essay will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Presentation of Financial Statements in Malaysia: A Critical Analysis of MASB 1 and MASB i - 1

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Presentation of Financial Statements in Malaysia: A Critical Analysis of MASB 1 and MASB i - 1. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Presentation of Financial Statements in Malaysia: A Critical Analysis of MASB 1 and MASB i - 1 paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Presentation of Financial Statements in Malaysia: A Critical Analysis of MASB 1 and MASB i - 1, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Presentation of Financial Statements in Malaysia: A Critical Analysis of MASB 1 and MASB i - 1 paper at affordable prices cheap custom writing service!

Presentation of Financial Statements in Malaysia A Critical Analysis of MASB 1 and MASB i - 1

1.Introduction

Accounting is often said as the language of business (Lavoie, 187). As a business language, one of the main functions of an accounting system is to provide information, through periodic reports known as financial statements, regarding the financial position, the results of operations and cash flows of a business entity to assist users of such reports in making decisions. The primary objective of Islamic accounting information according to Adnan and Gaffikin (17) is to facilitate the users in computing zakat obligation.

Human experience proved that any work done without having clear objectives encounters limitations, conflicts and blurred vision in its implementation (AAOIFI SFA No. 1, 17). As such it is very important that in the process of developing financial accounting standards, a clear objectives of financial accounting been established to ensure inconsistency in standards development. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the objective of financial accounting which underlies the presentation of financial statements in Malaysia as outline in MASB 1 Presentation of Financial Statements and MASB i 1 Presentation of Financial Statements of Islamic Financial Institutions.Order College Papers on Presentation of Financial Statements in Malaysia: A Critical Analysis of MASB 1 and MASB i - 1

.Presentation of Financial Statements under the Malaysian Accounting Standards

The overall considerations for the presentation and disclosure of financial statements to be considered by Malaysian business entities is outlined in MASB 1 Presentation of Financial Statements and MASB i 1 Presentation of Financial Statements of Islamic Financial Institutions. The latter is specifically meant for Islamic financial institution and is also applicable to other business entities conducted on the basis of Islamic principles where appropriate. In Islam, the shariah governs all actions of its followers. As such accounting system and practices in Islamic business entities is expected to be different from conventional accounting practices since the underlying principles adopted are different.

Both standards spell out that the purposes of financial statements are to assist users in making economic decisions and assessing the results of managements stewardship in managing resources entrusted to it. Also both standards specify that the responsibility for the preparation and presentation of financial statements lie in the hand of the board of directors or similar governing body.

In terms of components of financial statements, MASB i 1 stated two additional statements which are encourage to be included in the annual reports of Islamic business entities in addition to those statements are generally presented in a financial statements. Generally, a complete set of financial statements includes balance sheet, income statement, a statement of changes in equity, cash flow statement and accounting policies and explanatory notes. The standards also recommended companies to provide additional reports that are considered to be able to assist users in making economic decisions. Examples of such reports are environmental reports and value added statement. In addition to the statements discussed above, MASB i 1 recommended two other statements to be included in financial statements of companies operated under the Islamic principles. The two statements are Zakat Fund and Qard Fund. Statement of Zakat Fund provides information regarding sources of fund, uses of fund and its balance as at a given date. In Malaysia, the Islamic Religious council of each state is responsible in the collection and distribution of zakat. As such the payment of zakat should be made to the state Islamic Religious council where the business operated. According to decision made by Muslim jurists in the first Zakat conference held in Kuwait in 184, zakat for a company should be determined based on the companys net assets (AAOIFI SFA No. , 17). As such, the relevant information to be disclosed and of interest to Muslim users would be the amount of zakat paid and how the amount is determined. In this case, it will not be necessary for the company to present a statement of Zakat Fund. The relevant information regarding the amount and how it was determined may be presented in the notes to the statements. However, in a case where an Islamic bank acts as an amil , the bank is responsible for the collection and distribution of zakat, then, a statement prescribing in detail the sources of fund, uses of fund and its balance as at the end of an accounting period would be more appropriate. Statement of Qard Fund provides information regarding sources of fund, uses of fund during a period and the fund balance as at a given date. Qard according to the fiqh definition is a non-interest bearing loan intended to allow the borrower to use the loaned funds for a period of time with the understanding that the same amount of the loaned funds would be repaid at the end of the period (AAOIFI SFA No. , 17). This type of fund is normally organized as a means of achieving social objectives.

Both standards emphasized fair presentation and compliance with MASB standards as overall considerations to be observed by companies in preparing their financial statements. With regards to accounting policies, MASB 1 required that the management of a company to select and apply accounting policies that would enable the preparation of financial statements which comply with all MASB standards and technical pronouncements. However MASB i 1 provided that the compliance would not be necessary if the said standard or pronouncement is not relevant. For examples, standard or pronouncement related to interest would deem irrelevant to companies operated under the Islamic principles since interest or riba is prohibited in Islam. In cases where no specific requirements are given in the standards or pronouncements, the standards provided that the management should develop accounting policies to ensure that the financial statements provide relevant and reliable information.

In general, the standards spell out going concern, accrual, consistency and materiality to be adopted by companies in preparing and presenting financial statements. Financial statements of companies should be prepared on a going concern basis unless there are intentions on the part of the management either to liquidate or to cease operations. Any foreseeable uncertainties relating to the ability of a particular company to continue as a going concern should be disclosed.

Generally, accrual basis should be used to prepare the financial statements, except for cash flow information. However, MASB i 1 provided that the cash basis may be used if approved by the National Shariah Advisory Council of BNM.

Companies should be consistent in the presentation and classification of items in financial statements. However, changes are allowed in certain circumstances. When there is a significant change in the nature of the companys operation or the change in the presentation will result in more appropriate presentation of events or transactions or a change is required by a MASB standard or technical pronouncement or any regulative requirements.

Materiality should be considered in determining whether items should be presented separately or aggregated with each other. The general rule spell out by the standards in terms of materiality are each material item should be presented separately, while immaterial items should be aggregated with amounts of similar nature or function and need not be presented separately. However, MASB i 1 provided that where immaterial items are deemed significant to users, such information should be presented separately either on the face of, or in the notes to the financial statements. The standard also required that the nature of immaterial information should be disclosed if it is for purposes of compliance with syariah rulings. For examples prohibited income or expenses such as interest income or expenses.

Both MASB 1 and MASB i 1 spell out that assets and liabilities should not be offset unless there is a religious (MASB i 1 only) and/or legal right (MASB i 1 only) and/or when permitted by another MASB standards. Such offsetting may be made in respect of unearned profit for Murabahah, Bai Bithaman Ajil and Ijarah financing against Murabahah, Bai Bithaman Ajil and rental receivables.

Companies are required to present comparative information in respect of the previous period for all numerical information in the financial statements unless a MASB Standard permits or requires otherwise. Comparative information should also be included in narrative and descriptive information when it is relevant to an understanding of the current periods financial statements. When change is been made to the presentation and classification of items in the financial statements, to ensure comparability with the current period comparative amounts should be reclassified, unless it is impracticable to do so. The nature, amount and reason for any reclassification should be disclosed. When reclassification of comparative item is not practical, companies should disclose the reason for not reclassifying and the nature of the changes that would have been made if amounts were reclassified.

Preceding to elaborating on the structure and contents of financial statements, MASB i 1 stressed out that the form and classification used in the financial statements should ensure a fair presentation of their content. At such, an Islamic business enterprise may not follow the traditional presentation and classification as outline in MASB 1. Each statement should be clearly identified and distinguished from other information in the same published documents. Generally, the relevant information would be the name of the enterprise, the coverage or scope of each statement in terms of both the reporting entity and period, the reporting currency and the level of precision used in the presentation of figures in the financial statements. Financial statements should be presented at least annually within a reasonable period after the balance sheet date. If financial statements are presented for a period longer or shorter than a year, the reason for that period is been used and the fact that those comparative amounts for the income statement, changes in equity, cash flows and related notes are not comparable should be disclosed.

With regards to the presentation of balance sheet, MASB 1 spelled out the guidelines to be observed by a company in presenting its assets and liabilities. A company should determine whether or not to present current and non-current of assets and liabilities separately based on the nature of its operations. If classification is not done as to current and non-current, assets and liabilities should be presented broadly in order of their liquidity. Whichever method of presentation is adopted, a company should disclose, for each asset and liability item that combines amounts expected to be recovered or settled both before and after twelve months from the balance sheet date, the amount expected to be recovered or settled after more than twelve months. While MASB i 1 indicated that the balance sheet should include information regarding assets, liabilities and equity of a company. These elements should be presented separately to ensure fair presentation of a companys financial position. Assets and liabilities in an Islamic business organization are normally grouped in accordance to the nature of contract such as wadiah, bai or ijarah and not so based on current or non-current.

MASB 1 outlined the minimum requirement regarding information to be disclosed on the face of income statement. These are revenue, the results of operating activities, finance costs, share of profits and losses of associates and joint ventures, tax expense, profit and loss from ordinary activities, extraordinary items, minority interest and net profit or loss for the period. In relating to the presentation in income statement, MASB i 1 required that information regarding income, expenses and net profit or loss for the period be included. These elements according to the standard should be presented separately so that they present fairly the results and performance of an Islamic enterprises operations. Additional information comprising analysis of income and expenses should be provided in the notes to the financial statements. MASB i 1, however proposed that the analysis of income is presented in accordance to the contract used in the operations of an Islamic business enterprise. Examples of contract include mudharabah, musyarakah, wadiah, ijarah murabahah and bai bithaman ajil. The amount of dividend per share, declared or proposed for the period covered by the financial statements should be disclosed either on the face of income statement or in notes to the financial statements.

Both standards required that a separate statement be presented provide information on the changes in equity of a company. The statement should disclose information relating to the net profit or loss for the period, items of income and expenses, gain or loss which are required by other MASB standards to be recognized directly in equity and the cumulative effect of changes in accounting policies and the correction of the fundamental errors (dealt with under MASB ). A company should also present, either on the statement or in the notes to the financial statements any capital transactions with owners and distribution to owners; the balance of accumulated profit and loss at the beginning of the period and at the balance sheet date, and the movements for the period; and a reconciliation between the carrying amount of each class of equity capital, share premium and each reserve at the beginning and the end of the period, separately disclosing each movement.

MASB 1 required that the information in the cash flow statement been presented in accordance to the requirements sets out in MASB 5. MASB i 1 sets out that a cash flow statement should report cash flows during the period classified according to operating, investing and financing activities.

Information to be included in the notes to the financial statements would include the basis for preparation of the financial statements and accounting policies adopted; the information required by MASB standards that is not presented elsewhere in the financial statements; and any necessary additional information to ensure fair presentation.

Additional disclosures are prescribed by MASB i 1 to ensure conformity with the syariah requirements. Examples of these additional disclosures are information regarding the syariah board, zakat obligation and prohibited earnings or expenses.

.Summary and Conclusion

In the previous section provides a discussion on the requirements pertaining to the presentation of financial statements as outlined in MASB 1 and MASB MASB i 1. From the preceding discussion, it can be concluded the main different between some of the requirements given in the two standards is due to the needs of an Islamic business enterprise to conform to the requirements of syariah law. To ensure conformity with the syariah law, enterprise operated under the Islamic principles is normally required to appoint a syariah board or advisor. The member of a syariah board will basically be appointed among the Muslim scholars who are specialized in the field of muamalat.

Please note that this sample paper on Presentation of Financial Statements in Malaysia: A Critical Analysis of MASB 1 and MASB i - 1 is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Presentation of Financial Statements in Malaysia: A Critical Analysis of MASB 1 and MASB i - 1, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Presentation of Financial Statements in Malaysia: A Critical Analysis of MASB 1 and MASB i - 1 will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment cheap custom writing service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!