Metropolis

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Metropolis is one of the very very few of silent movies which still finds an audience,which means a lot.But which version?The problem is that we will never be able to see Metropolis as Lang has conceived it. I saw the movie for the first time in 168,and I remember a scene in which Maria, Rotwangs prisoner,is released by Joh Fredersen.In the versions displayed in the nineties,this scene seems to have vanished in the air.The running time is never the same,some more recent versions include hints at Rotwangs love for Freder Fredersens mother Hel.But this character,Hel ,never appears in the restored versionsonly photographs show this subplot,actually very importantbefore we thought that Rotwang urges his robot to destruct the machines because ...because..he was crazythat did not satisfy us.In Thea Von Harbous original screenplay,he did it out of jealousy,because he used to love his masters wife.For Fredersen ,the robot is first a way to replace working men,tireless slaves ;then,when it takes Marias face,and the men go crazy and violent,it allows the boss to use violence and repression against them.

In Metropolis ,two worlds coexistthe subterranean one,where human beings are in bondage (see Marias hints at the Bible),the Yoshiwara,the Richs paradise.Is it really a paradise anyway?It leaves a bitter taste in the mouth ,this paradise for the elite(remember Maria showing it to a group of children)Joh Fredersen,a member of the privileged understands his happiness is a fake one,when he sees first the young girl,then the terrifying underworld,this subcity where the poor sweat ,suffer and die for the sake of an idle aristocracy.

The screen play has been often criticized because of its naive political ideologyHeart must be the mediator of work and capital.It has not worn well admittedly,but outside this moral,everything is great,as impressive today as it was in 17!Do you think that,say,close encounters of the third kinds will stand the test of time as good as Langs magnum opus,and remain a classic in 050?Dubious isnt it?

The architectural genius of the German Master explodes everywhere,his masterful using of the crowds leaves us in rapture,his dreamlike sequence is at least 0 or 0 years ahead of its time.The characters (Fredersen father and son,Rotwang and Maria) are convincing and the plot is more complex that it seems to be .(the flaws are caused by missing parts of the movie,as I said before)

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Fritz Lang saidI do not like Metropolis,its conclusion is wrong.I did not accept it even when I was making the movie

A black legend surrounds MetropolisHitler enjoyed it and asked Lang to become the official director of the Third Reich;he refused,left Germany and it was Leni Riefenstahl who filmed such nazi manifestos as Triumph des Willems.Besides,Hitler might have thought of concentration camps because of Metropolis.Even more bewilderingbuilding in Mauthausen a huge stair,the prisoners saidit looks like Metropolis

Metropolis is a must,see it at any price!

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How 2 do a tatti

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valuation

Reflecting upon the criteria selected for purposes of this investigation, overall experiment was in agreement with the hypothesis. The set of results obtained demonstrated a clear correlation. Existing scientific logic can be applied to explain any discrepancies, which is included in the conclusion. The experiment was relatively straight forward to carry out, in the sense that the method I used was well thought out and coherent. No complex technical equipment was used either and so I was familiar with everything I used.

Through looking at my set of results and the class average results I saw that the results should produce a relatively curved shape when the points were joined dot-to-dot, overall my results achieved this, this tells me my results are quite reliable.

The fact that I also used pieces of potato for each concentration and that the increases in length for each of the two pieces were quite similar suggests that the results are accurate.

However, through looking at my results I can see that by comparing the % change for my 0.00M solution to the class average, my result is significantly higher i.e. nearly twice as big. This suggests that my result must have been anomalous for this quantity i.e. an error must have occurred. The reason for this could have been improper dilution of the solution made as for the concentration 0.00M the solution consisted of just distilled water. As a result the only reason for the anomalous result could have been human error with the measurement of the potato sample before putting it into the tuber or even after the practical was over, when I was measuring the new length.

Even though I say that my results were accurate and reliable, through looking at the graph I have drawn overleaf (of class results), you can see that there is a huge range of results, for example for the concentration of 0.4M, the values range from 0.00 to 8.0, this huge difference in ranges between the class is present on more or less all of the individual concentration results. This suggests that there was an error somewhere along the line, decreasing the accuracy of my results. If the range was small, this would mean that the points were close together and so everyone got the same results, however this was not true meaning that there were some errors.

Sources of Errors

1.The preparation of sucrose solutions.

.The sucrose was weighed using an electronic balance (one decimal place)

.The purity (gradation) of the sucrose

4.The associated moisture (water of crystallisation) of the sucrose

5.The 10ml pipette used accuracy 0.1ml

6.There was no way of measuring the molarities of the solutions

7.The uniformity in variety and the age of the potatoes used

8.Length of the potato were measured using a ruler (accuracy +/-1mm)

.The sharpness of the potato cutting instrument

Explanation for the large variations in the class results

The fact that different potatoes were used by the class also could be another reason as to why the range of results are so large. Each of the potatoes could have had a slightly differing water potential than the rest therefore more water molecules could have moved into or equally out of the potato sample for a particular concentration, this would vary the calculated % change, again giving inaccurate results.

How could my experiment be more accurate?

1.The potato segments should be measured using a micrometer.

.The experiment should be repeated using more than just two samples

.The sucrose used for solution (be graded by quality control)

4.The container should be covered to exclude air borne contamination

5.Ambient temperature and pressure recorded

6.The potato was randomly wiped using blotting paper

7.The experiment should be repeated with time as a variable

It is also possible that the measurements of the lengths of the potato samples may have been inaccurate (both before and after being submerged in the solution). The technique I used was just a standard ruler. This means the results were only accurate to the nearest millimetre. The use of this instrument also left the possibilities of human error. Even though I did repeat the measurement of each sample on two occasions to ensure accuracy, I cannot vouch upon the rest of the class doing the same. This could have been resolved via the use of a simple set of weighing scales, as there is no chance of human error and are accurate to three decimal places the nearest 0.000g (a huge amount more than the ruler) or still if we wanted to measure length a set of callipers could have been used (there is barely any chance of error with this).

In each of the sucrose concentrations that I created, I placed two potato samples. Now thinking about this, if I had time to repeat the experiment again I would only place one potato sample per sampling tube. There could have been an effect that the two potato samples together had that may have resulted in an increase or decrease in the % change. If the water potential of the solution was lower than the potatoes, the potatoes could have each given out more or less water molecules as they were as a pair. This again could mean there is an error in my results.

Another place where errors could have originated from was the fact that the potato samples had to be dabbed onto blotter paper to remove excess moisture before being measured. Some potato samples may have been dabbed too much and therefore had removed too much moisture (making the length smaller). This could have again given false lengths.

Now that I have looked at all the possible sources of errors, I feel the sources that effected my investigation the most were, firstly the likelihood that dilutions were improper. This is due to the fact that I had to use pipettes, which had a size of 10ml and were only accurate to the nearest o.1ml. This meant for each dilution I had to use for than one pipette full and so the errors built up. This meant the concentrations I though I made were not actually what I expected and so decreasing the accuracy of my results, as once the solution was made there is no way to tell what the molarity of a solution is. I would have much rather used a burette which is the most accurate piece of apparatus available at measuring solutions. Secondly, again the fact that I placed two potato samples in each sampling tube. There could have been an effect that the two potato samples together had that may have resulted in an increase or decrease in the % change. If the water potential of the solution was lower than the potatoes, the potatoes could have each given out more or less water molecules as they were as a pair. This again could mean there is an error in my results. Finally, there could have been skin left on the potato sample at certain sides. In my investigation I used 1 potato to ensure I carried out my fair testing regulations. As I made the final potato samples I got were closer to the edges. This meant there might have been a layer of skin on one side of the potato or even that the potato sample may have had a non uniform diameter. Due to a layer of skin, water molecules would have not been able to move into the plant cells or out as easily via the process of osmosis as there would be an additional layer for the water to pass through. This resulted in either an increase or decrease in what should have been the actual % change of length. I feel these were the errors that most effected my investigation.

I will also compare my results to a secondary source. Below is a copy of Marilyns data on the same experiment.

Sucrose Conc. MInitial length cmFinal length cmDifference in length cm% Length change

0.00.5.65+0.0+8.0

0.10.50.65+0.15+4.0

0.5.50.60+0.10+.0

0.0.65.70+0.05+1.40

0.40.50.50 0.00 0.00

0.45.50.40-0.10-.0

0.50.504.5-0.15-4.0

0.80.40.05-0.5-10.

1.00.10.70-0.40-1.

Overleaf I have drawn a graph of these sets of results and it is obviously clear that although the two graphs follow a general trend of a negative correlation, there are turning points at different part for both graphs. One other similarity the two experiments have is that the water potential is 110Kpa (the molarity for 0% change is 0.40M for both). However for my secondary data I have more readings and this is why there are these slight turning points that vary to that of my results, for instance in my secondary source readings were taken at molarities such as 0.5M, 0.45M ect. it is possible that my experiment would have also had these abrupt turns if I had taken readings at these molarities instead of keeping a constant distance of 0.10M between each concentration of sucrose solution.

However I can see that although the graph fits with my results and the class average results, if I were to take the individual class readings there would be a huge difference in results. This again points towards the fact that there were variations and errors. I know how the secondary source carried out the experiment as it came from a college technician, who gave us a plan for how the experiment was carried out. The plan was to ensure no other factors effected the final % change other than the water potentials of the solution and potato sample. I can see one error on the results (circled on graph) at 0.5M, this is because it is a very sharp and unexpected turn. Reasons for this error, I can only say could be down to human error.

Explanation for the non conforming results

The solution concentration could have been diluted wrongly, the potato lengths could have been measured inaccurately before or after the potato sample was placed in the sucrose solution. By looking at the graph for secondary data I can see that the points would fall in the range of the class results easily.

Reproducibility of results

If I had the possibility to improve or extend my investigation I would primarily use a more accurate method to create the appropriate dilutions, for instance I would have used a burette, which could hold the exact amount needed in one go, rather than in two. This would have enabled me to create more accurate dilutions. I would also place one potato sample per sampling tube as I dont know if by placing two at a time I varied the final length of the samples. Using two may have meant less potato sample had to expel or consume more or less water to reach an equilibrium between the internal and external water potentials. Also, as explained before I would also have used electronic weighing scales to measure mass, instead of a ruler to measure length, as the weighing scales are far more accurate and would also leave no chance of human error. If the measurement of length was mandatory I would have felt more comfortable using callipers as there is a higher accuracy rating and less chance of error also. Finally, I would have liked to have used concentrations closely around the 0.40M concentration (the concentration that gave a 0% change in length) to see what the exact sucrose solution was that shared the same water potential as the potato, as the value of 0.40M is only accurate to the nearest millimetre, the % change for 0.M, 0.41M ect. could also be 0% to the nearest millimetre. I would have liked to use the following concentrations 0.M, 0.8M, 0.5M, 0.41M, 0.4M, and 0.45M. This would consequently give me a more accurate figure for the water potential of the potato. I would have also made each of the solutions separately so if an error was made in one solution, it would only affect the results for that concentration, rather than the results for all the concentrations.

Reliability, reproducibility and accuracy

Now that I have looked at the way in which I carried out my investigation and also compared it to secondary data, I feel my results are not as firm as I previously imagined them to be. The fact that the class ranges are so far apart illustrates that there were operator variations in results, decreasing both the reliability and accuracy of the results. Taking this into account, the results obtained I have acquired as a result of this investigation are only a suggestion of what should happen i.e. a decrease in validity. The investigation did work, in that my results matched the theoretical predication, but the degree of accuracy is not so great that if I repeated the investigation again, that the turning points in my practical would be the same again and again i.e. I couldnt say with any conviction that the % change for any potato sample with a length of cm when put in a 0.40M solution would be 0.00% or equally the % change for a potato sample placed in 0.00M solution would be +15.0% or even close to that.

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Colonization

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Cultural backgrounds affected colonization of the Americas radically. In New England, all colonies were distinct and each had their own differing factor. They were influenced in many ways; religion and business being the biggest predominance. Whether it was good or bad, each of the colonies including Virginia, Connecticut, Massachusetts and the Middle colonies were affected by England and Old British culture. Colonists would unknowingly set the base for American culture forever.

Jamestown, Virginia was the first successful settlement in the Americas by Britain. It was lead by captain John Smith and he came with a group of young men. Virginia would not succeed as a religious haven, but as a proprietary. Most of them seeking gold. This was already a starting point of influence by Britain. People wanted to look for gold. Gold was a big thing in Britain. Everything was disorder for this new place they had come to was nothing like their home. The Pawhattans, a native group that lived by the area, helped them. Right away, their British way of thinking kicked in and their first thought was, we must convert these people. Religion was a big factor to all British people and at this time they were having a revolution over it. Their culture believed that everybody had the right to be converted. Britain liked to conquer and take over. When John Smith tried to take over the Natives, he didnt receive very good results. Not only were they a part of their religion, but of their lifestyle. They quickly adopted the slave trade and began to have slaves. Unlike in Britain, this did not function very well as the slaves did not cooperate. Virginians established their own government and felt that they had to be free from their British counterparts. At this time, Britain was all about business and religion.

Since religion was a big factor like business, to no surprise, Americans started to look for a religious haven in the United States. At this time, there was a revolution of new ideas in Britain. A war was breaking out between liberal people and those that wanted to be conservative. Anybody labeled a "pilgrim" was a separatist from the Anglican Church. Pilgrims believed that in order to be closer to God they had to be in a place where they could have their own ideals. Their counterparts, the Puritans believed the opposite. Pilgrims decided to leave Britain to be able to worship, as they wanted. They left in one little ship, the Mayflower, hoping to get to Jamestown. In 161 they landed in Cape Cod. Their government was much like British government. Leaders had to be white, church member, land owning, and literate men. Contrary to popular belief, the relationship of the Pilgrims and the Natives was not good. When the Pilgrims, arrived at Plymouth Rock, they did so in the fall, not knowing the winter that awaited them. Squanto, a polyglot native offered his services and that of his people. They showed them how to pick berries and survive the brutal winter.

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The Puritans had a totally different point of view than the Pilgrims. The Pilgrims were gobbled up by the Puritans They came right after the Pilgrims in 17-5 ships. They were definitely more. They set up the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Unlike the Pilgrims, this was a very religiously strict colony. Everything was set up on the church, as in Britain. Their Governor was John Winthrop. He believed in self government. Leadership came from being church members. Unlike in Plymouth, this society encouraged the unity of church and state. It was definitely made in the reflection of England. Their colony was based on working. They had to work off all the sins they had done. If you enjoyed yourself it was a sin. Puritans encouraged education of boys and men only. Women could not be educated because they would get crazy ideas. Anything that looked like enjoyment or pleasure was punished severely. They were punished publicly. Their industry was based mainly on ship building and lumbering. Winthrop was an extraordinary man with extraordinary ideas. He believed that his society ha to be a " beacon on a hill". They had to be an example to Britain, and to all colonies. They had left Britain to make a point. Britain was a mess of ideas at the time over how the churched should be run. They had reformed the Christian ideas and came up with their own religion. The Puritans were definitely not happy with this and they saw to it that they made their point and shoed how wrong everybody in Britain was.

Connecticut was more of a liberal society,. It was between the Pilgrim idea and the Puritan idea. A dissenter established it by the name of Hooker.

Whether good or bad it was inevitable for the colonization of America to be untouched by British culture. The cultural background of the Colonists definitely affected their ideals and how they ran their colonies. Whether it be for business or religion, the effect of Britain was obvious in all cases. Both the colonists and the natives were affected in more ways than one.

Please note that this sample paper on Colonization is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Colonization, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Colonization will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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