Colonization

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Cultural backgrounds affected colonization of the Americas radically. In New England, all colonies were distinct and each had their own differing factor. They were influenced in many ways; religion and business being the biggest predominance. Whether it was good or bad, each of the colonies including Virginia, Connecticut, Massachusetts and the Middle colonies were affected by England and Old British culture. Colonists would unknowingly set the base for American culture forever.

Jamestown, Virginia was the first successful settlement in the Americas by Britain. It was lead by captain John Smith and he came with a group of young men. Virginia would not succeed as a religious haven, but as a proprietary. Most of them seeking gold. This was already a starting point of influence by Britain. People wanted to look for gold. Gold was a big thing in Britain. Everything was disorder for this new place they had come to was nothing like their home. The Pawhattans, a native group that lived by the area, helped them. Right away, their British way of thinking kicked in and their first thought was, we must convert these people. Religion was a big factor to all British people and at this time they were having a revolution over it. Their culture believed that everybody had the right to be converted. Britain liked to conquer and take over. When John Smith tried to take over the Natives, he didnt receive very good results. Not only were they a part of their religion, but of their lifestyle. They quickly adopted the slave trade and began to have slaves. Unlike in Britain, this did not function very well as the slaves did not cooperate. Virginians established their own government and felt that they had to be free from their British counterparts. At this time, Britain was all about business and religion.

Since religion was a big factor like business, to no surprise, Americans started to look for a religious haven in the United States. At this time, there was a revolution of new ideas in Britain. A war was breaking out between liberal people and those that wanted to be conservative. Anybody labeled a "pilgrim" was a separatist from the Anglican Church. Pilgrims believed that in order to be closer to God they had to be in a place where they could have their own ideals. Their counterparts, the Puritans believed the opposite. Pilgrims decided to leave Britain to be able to worship, as they wanted. They left in one little ship, the Mayflower, hoping to get to Jamestown. In 161 they landed in Cape Cod. Their government was much like British government. Leaders had to be white, church member, land owning, and literate men. Contrary to popular belief, the relationship of the Pilgrims and the Natives was not good. When the Pilgrims, arrived at Plymouth Rock, they did so in the fall, not knowing the winter that awaited them. Squanto, a polyglot native offered his services and that of his people. They showed them how to pick berries and survive the brutal winter.

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The Puritans had a totally different point of view than the Pilgrims. The Pilgrims were gobbled up by the Puritans They came right after the Pilgrims in 17-5 ships. They were definitely more. They set up the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Unlike the Pilgrims, this was a very religiously strict colony. Everything was set up on the church, as in Britain. Their Governor was John Winthrop. He believed in self government. Leadership came from being church members. Unlike in Plymouth, this society encouraged the unity of church and state. It was definitely made in the reflection of England. Their colony was based on working. They had to work off all the sins they had done. If you enjoyed yourself it was a sin. Puritans encouraged education of boys and men only. Women could not be educated because they would get crazy ideas. Anything that looked like enjoyment or pleasure was punished severely. They were punished publicly. Their industry was based mainly on ship building and lumbering. Winthrop was an extraordinary man with extraordinary ideas. He believed that his society ha to be a " beacon on a hill". They had to be an example to Britain, and to all colonies. They had left Britain to make a point. Britain was a mess of ideas at the time over how the churched should be run. They had reformed the Christian ideas and came up with their own religion. The Puritans were definitely not happy with this and they saw to it that they made their point and shoed how wrong everybody in Britain was.

Connecticut was more of a liberal society,. It was between the Pilgrim idea and the Puritan idea. A dissenter established it by the name of Hooker.

Whether good or bad it was inevitable for the colonization of America to be untouched by British culture. The cultural background of the Colonists definitely affected their ideals and how they ran their colonies. Whether it be for business or religion, the effect of Britain was obvious in all cases. Both the colonists and the natives were affected in more ways than one.

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Braveheart

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Braveheart

The movie, Braveheart, directed and acted by Mel Gibson is a great movie. It won an Oscar for movie of the year. It is powerful and pulls on your heartstrings. Its definitely not for the squeamish; it has some of the most realistic battle scenes ever made. Braveheart is a traditional "fight for what you believe is right" movie. Like any movie though, it definitely has its dark spots.

At times, you question its credibility. Can someone really yell "Freedom!" at the top of his lungs when being tortured as William Wallace was? Did 14th century Scots put battlefields aflame? The dialogue is also very modern, as when Braveheart issues his victory ultimatum to the English Scotlands terms are that your commander present himself in front of our army, put his head between his legs and kiss his - - -. Uh, huh. Another example of this is when the King, Edward "Longshanks", sends the princess to offer his terms to William Wallace but she starts revealing all of the states secrets "because of the way you look at me".

You would not see Braveheart if you wanted to see a historically accurate film. We do know William Wallace did exist and did revolt against England, but little else. There is an epic poem written about him, but its accuracy can be questioned. For example, William Wallace had three uncles that he lived with; Mel Gibson compacted that into one and used all of their characteristics. William Wallace obviously never had a rendezvous with the princess of England and so on. Write my Essay on braveheart cheap

Another complaint you might have is the movie length hours. Dennis Cunningham of CBS news said "'Braveheart makes for a wonderful two hour movie; unfortunately, it is three hours long." A lot of the battle scenes are unnecessarily gory and too long. How many decapitations do you need to see?

The supporting actors were very well picked, they were mostly little known, but very talented. Brendan Gleeson does a wonderful job of playing Williams best friend and confidant and Catherine McCormack plays Williams wife (not for long) superbly. The costumes were very realistic, as was everything else besides parts of the storyline. Braveheart adds a little humor when you see how the King treats his homosexual son, even though you begin feeling sorry for the poor guy who cant stand up to his father.

All in all, the movie was wonderfully directed and the war scenes were extraordinarily choreographed. At times they were excessive and repetitive. You begin to care about William Wallace when you see him as a child entering a barn with tens of dead men that were hung by the ruthless Edward the Longshanks. You start to care about the Scottish cause, and you grow attached to the characters that are all very colorful. That in itself makes it a good movie. As movie critic, Jack Garner said "Braveheart is no easy walk in the park -- for either the filmmaker or the audience. But those who join in the adventure will be rewarded with a rousing, insightful epic."

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Discuss the ways in which the Louvre functions as a Universal Survey Museum.

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The Louvre is undoubtedly the oldest example of the Universal Survey Museum. With its routes in the French Revolution, its aim was always to display the wealth of the nation whilst educating the public in the history of art. The museums history is long and complex, with each political era impressing its values onto the museum in order to make certain statements. I shall examine whether or not these changes have effected the basic functions of the Louvre as a Universal Survey Museum. Although the Louvre provided the prototype for the public art gallery, other examples of the type have emerged throughout Europe and America over time, and the Universal Survey Museum has become an essential part to any large city. Is the Louvre still in line with these museums in terms of its aims and iconographic program? As the biggest and best art museum of its type today, how comprehensive is the collection in reality, and what does this mean for the museum? Beyond this, what does the Universal Survey Museum, and the Louvre in particular mean for the history of art? How has it effected the way in which we see artists, and the links we make between different periods?

The Universal Survey Museum as we know it today evolved from the royal art gallery. Royalty would collect and display art as en expression of their wealth, taste, and cultural knowledge; a collection would be representative their status. Any visitor to that went to see the works would be a guest of the king or prince; they would be humbled by the magnificence of the works that he saw, and of the power of their owner. In the 18th century, royal collections all over Europe were being opened to the public, but the ceremony and insinuations of power that had been at work continued within the public art gallery. Whist the royal art gallery identifies the nation as the Kings realm, the universal survey museum identifies the nation as the state; the people. The concept has now become abstract, as instead of direct ownership by one person, it is now technically the property of the public.

How far is this general history true of the Louvre? The Louvre actually opened to the public as a result of the French Revolution; when the King fell from power and was executed, his collection of art that was housed at the Louvre was made the property of the nation. Before the revolution, plans were already being made to open the Louvre to the public, but it was the shift in power that gave the project more urgency and made these plans a reality; The change in ownership of the artworks meant that the visitors role became quite different. Instead of being a subordinate, he now became a citizen, and technically a shareholder in the state. No longer was he marveling at the status of the King, but at the wealth and culture of the nation of which he was a part.

I also wish to look much further back into the past in order to help explain certain aspects of the Universal Survey Museum. In ancient Rome, war trophies would be paraded through the city in a triumphal procession. These items would then often be donated to the public by wealthy benefactors and placed on display for all to see. This change in ownership from the wealthy and powerful individual to the public is directly echoed in the origins of the Universal Survey Museum. In its early days, the Louvre deliberately evoked this Roman tradition. Not only were captured enemy arms displayed alongside the works of art, but the works were often loot themselves. Around this period, Napoleon was conquering many European countries from which he took valuable and important artworks. Whist these pieces were taken towards the Louvre in triumphal processions, the galleries themselves were records of the power of the conquered nations that now belonged to France. Many of these pillaged works were returned to their respective countries in 1815, and although some were later reclaimed, they are now no longer displayed in such a triumphal manner. Despite this, Universal Survey Museums throughout Europe and America still have echoes of these triumphal processions in their permanent displays of Oriental, Native American, African and Pre-Columbian Art. The Louvre itself has such a department; Oriental antiquities form a major part of the collection. They testify to world domination and the superiority of the Western world.Cheap Custom Essays on Discuss the ways in which the Louvre functions as a Universal Survey Museum.

Since the initial opening of the Louvre during the French Revolution, each regime to take power over France has made their mark. As a symbol of triumph and the civilization of the country, it was important for each emperor or King to be seen as presiding over it. Although some were more aware of this than others, the Louvre generally underwent a series of decorative changes with each new ruler. As an area traditionally showing the gods presiding over the building in ceremonial architecture, the ceilings of the Louvre often saw key changes. It is significant that when Louis-Phillipe came to the throne and wanted to be seen as the peoples King, the old ceilings which had shown the Louvre as an extension of the royal palace were changed to show the Louvre as the peoples property. Continual changes were made after this, and the Louvre constantly switched from being the Kings property to the peoples. These changes however, saw little change to the functions of the museum. Once the Louvre had been established, such changes were merely symbolic; they were propaganda, the aims and effects of which were purely political. Today, any remaining iconographic ceiling decorations are only of interest to the visitor as events in the history of art; the Louvre well and truly belongs to the people.

Apart from this, there have been many other changes to the Louvre as a museum. Collections have been added to, reorganized and relocated throughout the years, but the aims of the museum still remain the same. The gallery is intended for the public; it aims to attract foreign visitors, and people from all backgrounds. The wish is, that as the property of the French nation, the collection should be seen by all, not just those who are educated. Whilst the Louvre continues to change and adapt in order to be relevant to modern day society, these original aims are still the same, and are being satisfied perhaps now more than ever. Whilst there are undoubtedly always attempts to encourage visitors from less educated backgrounds, this is a preoccupation of many a modern Universal Survey Museum, and is both an original ideology, and a modern aim.

The extent of the collection is also of course an important consideration when discussing the Louvre as a Universal Survey Museum. The intention of course, is to give a history of art covering the major mediums, schools and artists of the Western world in particular. As unquestionably the biggest and best of its type, the Louvres collection is massive, and covers a huge range. However, even the guidebook to the museum admits it is not a 'perfect, objective and comprehensive guide to the schools, cultures and techniques represented (Pierre Quoniam, The Louvre). Today, its seven departments include three representing areas of antiquity, as well as one each for sculptures, paintings, the decorative arts, and the graphic arts. Whilst of course these departments do not give a complete or impartial view of the history of art, the way in which they are displayed gives a huge authority to the works. Despite huge gaps, a history of art has been created within the museum. All the works have been put into this story, and links and contrasts made between them in sometimes a very unnatural way. By being placed in a museum, the works are stripped of their function, and viewed in terms of their place in the story of art, and for their aesthetic value.

Another phenomenon that is partly the product of the Universal Survey Museum is that of artistic genius. The idea became dominant around the 1th century, and although there were many other factors in its occurrence, the museum really helped to enforce the idea. At this time, the Louvre had the names and pictures of artistic geniuses painted on its ceilings, biographies of artists became more and more common, and an artists development could be easily traced through the history of art. These ideas remain prevalent today; all museums consist of the works of individuals. This is no more true of anywhere than the Louvre, which is home to the Mona Lisa. Whilst this one painting brings world wide fame to the Louvre, it now too has the power to make masterpieces out of paintings.

The way that these works of artistic genius, and indeed the museums story of art is arranged is perhaps the single most important part of the Universal Survey Museum today. As the visitor is guided through the story of art provided by the museum, they probably are unaware of the iconographic scheme that they are following. Museums are set out with a very clear set of ideas in mind. In the Louvre, as with other major museums, the visitor has a number of possible routes through the collection. They are unconscious to the fact that each will take them on a path that gives an identical perspective on the history of art. The Salon Carre contains 15th and 16th century works, and sees the start of the chronologically arranged French art. The Grand Gallery continues this with 17th century artists such as Poussin and Le Brun, and then 18th century works. The walls are lined with niches containing Roman Statues. The visitor can then continue down the Grand gallery or choose to follow French school. Whichever route is chosen will lead the visitor to an axis which runs through a series of rooms and ends with the classical Winged Victory. This way, the visitor is shown the French school to be linked to the great artistic periods of the past, Greece, Rome, and the Renaissance. This has the effect of showing French art as the culmination of these periods; the heir to classical civilization. Whilst in some ways the museums bias towards French painting hinders their role in giving a complete survey of the history of art, it allows this iconographic scheme to be clear and complete, and for France to take the leading role.

To conclude, the way in which the Louvre was opened as a public art gallery; as a symbolic act of the French Revolution, meant that its aim was to show the art as the property of the nation. Although changes in power meant that the symbolism changed, there was no real effect on the functions of the museum, and today it remains ultimately the property of the people. Whilst other Universal Survey Museums may not have a history that is quite so long and varied, this surely relates to the museum itself. As the biggest and best of its type throughout time, the Louvre has always been a hugely important symbol of the triumph and civilization of France. Had it not been such a massive symbol, it is doubtful that Frances rulers would have been so anxious to claim it as their own. In terms of the effect that Louvre and other Universal Survey Museums have had on the history of art, the means of display have two major effects. Firstly, works of art are stripped of their function, and seen simply as pieces that make up a single story. Whilst this can give a strange and somewhat unrealistic view of the history of art, it also allows the museum to place their own country at the center of it all. As we have seen in the Louvre, the iconographic program shows France as the heir to civilization. Surely it is the Universal Survey Museums ability to do this that has made the public art museum a symbol for a country; be it the realm of the people or the King.

Please note that this sample paper on Discuss the ways in which the Louvre functions as a Universal Survey Museum. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Discuss the ways in which the Louvre functions as a Universal Survey Museum., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Discuss the ways in which the Louvre functions as a Universal Survey Museum. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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