Isolationism

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Isolationism, policy where a nations interests are best served if the nation secludes itself from other nations and avoids forming alliances with them. Isolationism has been practiced by various countries throughout history, including Japan, China, and the United States. Japan followed a policy of isolationism for hundreds of years before forming an alliance with Britain in 10. More recently, China followed an isolationist policy during much of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution of 166 to 176.

The United States has a history of isolationism dating back to its earliest days as a republic, before the 1 colonies won their independence. Even today, some political leaders favor isolationism and isolationist sentiment can be found in American society. Isolationism in the United States has been largely political and has not extended to its commercial relationships with other nations.

In its early days, the United States adopted an isolationist policy for a variety of reasons. The fledgling nation wanted to develop without becoming entangled in the conflicts that had overtaken Europe and without being influenced by European values. Early leaders feared that too much involvement in the affairs of other nations would endanger the values of freedom and equality that had fueled the founding of America. The United States wanted to serve as a model for other countries and recognized that it must first perfect its own development.

Isolationism held more practical benefits for the young nation. The American continent was a large, undeveloped, landmass that required the countrys undivided attention before it could become involved in political affairs abroad. The Europeans, and especially the British, dominated world affairs. The United States could not hope to have an immediate impact in the international arena. A policy of isolationism also proved advantageous for the United States because the country risked domination by Europe if it tried to become prematurely involved in international affairs.

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Early leaders of the United States endorsed commercial treaties and expansion of trade with other nations, but discouraged political or military alliances. President George Washington delivered such a message in his Farewell Address of 176, just before leaving office. Washington called upon the United States to foster good relations with all nations and encouraged the country to develop economic ties abroad. But he warned against becoming involved in the affairs of Europe. In his 1801 inaugural address, President Thomas Jefferson repeated Washingtons warning, encouraging friendly relations with all nations but entangling alliances with none. In 18 President James Monroe also reiterated Washingtons directive in a message sent to Congress. The message, which became

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Charlotte Perkins Gulman's"The Yellow Wallpaper"

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The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gulman was an interesting story following a womans sort of descent into madness while being kept in a single room with yellow wallpaper. The story is told through the eyes of a woman writing in her journal, who does not see herself as changing but as one reads through it, can slowly see her deterioration. She initially is sane as the story began but as it progresses, she slowly descends into a sort of madness.

We are told at the beginning of the story that the woman has a nervous condition which seems to be nothing more than postpardum depression since she has just recently had a child. . When the story opens the woman, who has no name, speaks of her surroundings which she likes , with the exception of the room she is being forced to stay in. Her descriptions of the grounds and house itself are remarkably clear which causes one to wonder why it is she is brought to that house because of a nervous condition she is said to have. She sees nothing to be wrong with herself and really dislikes being taken away and forced to lay around doing nothing. She says as much in one part.

I sometimes fancy that in my condition if I had less opposition and more society and stimulus - but John says the very worst things I can do is to think about my condition, and I confess it always makes me feel bad. (p105)

Still at this point in the story the woman seems to be relatively sane. It isnt until you get to her next journal entry that you see how she is slowly changing.

When the woman next writes in her journal she starts talking more of her surroundings. Not so much as casually mentioning them as she had been doing before but more so focusing on the little things around her room. She mentions the teeth marks on the posts of her bed and more so the yellow wallpaper. She goes into detail deeply on how it looks , how the pattern behaves and the missing spots of it on the wall. In it she seems to see so many different things. It begins to slowly take over her mind. No matter what the woman does the wall paper inevitably pops into her mind and her writing. Her condition that seemed like nothing seems to get greater. Keeping her indoors and at that house in that one room isnt helping her at all. It all seems to be adding to her nervousness and in my opinion actually is what is causing her descent.

By the womans fourth journal entry one can clearly see that she has really lost it. Now she is not only going into great detail on the pattern of the wallpaper,its colors but also its smell. She can somehow smell a yellowish scent coming from it. If only she could get out of that room and be allowed to have company she could have been better. Though she speaks to her husband of the wallpaper and lack of people around her bothering her but he pays no attention. It was at that point in the story that she sees a woman in the wallpaper.

Seeing the woman I feel was a metaphor of some sort. The woman in the wallpaper seemed to be trapped inside the wallpaper and the walls much like the woman herself was trapped inside the confines of the room she was in. It was as if she saw the woman in the walls to be herself. The pattern in the wall has become like bars to the woman in the wallpaper just as the bars on the windows in the room have become a way to keep the woman confined in the walls. As the time goes by the woman decides to tear off the wallpaper to help free the woman. At that point in eh story she then is about to leave the house herself.

The writing in t he journal gets choppier as she descends deeper into her madness. The strange part of it all is the woman sees herself as getting better though she is not sleeping at night because she sees strange developments in the wallpaper and she sees the woman coming out more. In the journal the woman has now got to the point where she has locked herself in the room, tore down the majority of the wallpaper and wont leave until she has freed the woman. Her behavior is actually a lot calmer than it was before though its calm in an eerie sort of way. Once she is seen actually crawling along the wall tethered its clear she has descended into madness.

In my opinion I felt that the woman was fairly sane to begin with and had her husband treated her normally with kindness and love instead of like some sort of freak with a disease she didnt have, she would have been fine. But the confines of the rom turned her to the loon she inevitably became.

Please note that this sample paper on Charlotte Perkins Gulman's"The Yellow Wallpaper" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Charlotte Perkins Gulman's"The Yellow Wallpaper", we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Charlotte Perkins Gulman's"The Yellow Wallpaper" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Gay

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AIM

How do parenting style facilitate/impede the transition of homosexual adolescents into young adults (i.e. individuation) during development?

RATIONALE

During adolescence, identity development is a significant aspect of creating a healthy personality and positive self-esteem. Establishing values and likes/dislikes are part of adolescent development and these concepts apply to all adolescents. (Prof Broughton Lecture Notes, July 16) However, in mainstream America, the relationship between homosexuality and adolescent development is often overlooked. People often forget to realize the homosexual adolescent experience adds developmental stages that encase their sexuality; "coming out" and discerning their sexuality fuel adolescents into confusion, prolonging individuation. Erik Erikson refers to this phase as "identity crisis" where the search for the ultimate self takes place. Research has shown that molding beliefs and figuring out what one likes is part of adolescent development. Write my Essay on Gay cheap

THEORIES

Gay adolescents find themselves grappling with issues of their sexuality before they can develop into adults in order to separate themselves from their parents. It is positive feedback, expressed in love and acceptance from parents that shows correlation with the adolescents self-worth. "Over the past fifty years, research has revealed that parenting styles have a strong impact on child and adolescent development (Beaty, p.58).

Furthermore, societal influences and adolescent free initiative are also theories to rationalize gay development. Each factor shapes how the adolescents perceive their own development. However, the focus of this paper will lie strictly in parental attitudes affecting adolescent autonomy using only examples of societal and self-influences to strengthen my analysis in addressing adolescent turmoil. The theory concentrates on the effects of the parent-child relationship and how that could determine adolescents individuation from their parents.

METHOD

The method of investigation included data collected through face-to-face interviews with four of my gay friends who all aged twenty-three, and research data drawn from interview studies from Boxer, Cook, and Herdt, 11 and Floyd, Stein, Harter, and Nye, 1. Boxers research interviewed two hundred and two youths ranging in age from fourteen to twenty-one and Floyds research involved seventy-two youths ranging in age from sixteen and twenty-four. All the interviews focused mainly on adolescent-parent relationship, and included questions about demographics, sexual orientation, coming out experiences, and future expectations. However my focus pertained solely on certain types of parental behavior affecting adolescent self-esteem and emotional distress.

ANALYSIS

According to the results found by Floyd, parents who had relatively positive feelings regarding their son/daughters sexuality correlated with the greater conflictual independence from both parents. "Perceptions of more positive attitudes by both parents were consistently associated with greater consolidation of sexual orientation identity." (Floyd p.70) On the other hand, Floyds findings did not show a correlation with autonomy from the parents. That is two-thirds of cases showed that when adolescents revealed their homosexual orientation to their parents, specific negative effects were reported. Only a third tested showed no impact on their relationship with their parents. The conclusion is that gay/lesbian adolescents must "renegotiate their relationship with their parents" before they can assume any autonomy from their parents (Floyd p.77). This process is made ever so difficult when parents already have negative attitudes toward their childs sexual orientation. Floyds finding thus shows that negative parental attitude disrupts relationships with their gay/lesbian adolescent in reaching adulthood.

The results found by Boxer differed from those of Floyd. In general, "self-disclosure to parents of [their] homosexuality did not disrupt the parent-child bonds." (Boxer p.10) From this finding, it was most likely that adolescents who disclosed their identities already maintained a positive preexisting relationship. Similarly, parents who "reacted negatively to the disclosure of homosexuality were judged by their adolescent to not let it disrupt their relationship (Boxer p.11). However, as an example of extreme abandonment, seven youths reported being forcibly excluded from their homes after their parents discovery of their homosexuality. Excluding these outliers from Boxers finding, when in view of Floyds theory, the adolescents would find comfort constructing an autonomous relationship from their parents.

Alternatively, my gay friends stressed that their parents emphasized the "virtues of truth and honesty."

Remaining true to themselves often resulted in disclosure to others, which could bring difficult experiences such as discrimination and harassment. However, they reflected that their parents never acted upon the "truths" by never involving themselves actively in supporting their homosexuality. One even felt hostility and embarrassment from the parents. Thus the very nature of their developing sexual identity carried with it isolating influences that affected their transition into adulthood and vulnerable to the status of being alone.

FINDINGS

In todays society, acting on ones homosexual feelings with confidence remains difficult and uncomfortable. What they forget to realize is that they are growing up in a heterosexual world. Society still disapproves of homosexuality and thus homosexual adolescents are struggling to understand who they are. Furthermore, homosexual adolescents are ostracized to talk about their sexuality socially. No conclusive studies have proved the REAL cause of homosexuality whether it is biological, environmental, societal, or self-produced; studies only suggest some possibilities. What we do know is the level of difference that homosexual adolescents go through when compare to heterosexuals is profound. Homosexual adolescent is forced to cope with identity formation, with many challenges and discoveries that the heterosexual does not (DAugelli p.78). In the case of separation-individuation from the parents, homosexual adolescents must redefine their relationship with their parents before they can assume autonomy; heterosexual adolescents only need individuation in personality. Furthermore, homosexual adolescent must handle their sexuality (i.e. coming out, establishing identity) while face with the task of adolescence (i.e. individuation, love/relationship, self-identity, self-esteem).

INFERENCES AND INTERPRETATION

During Adolescence, positive feedback from parents is crucial for the childs development. This stem from societal shun of homosexual orientation. Beaty suggests that "adolescent first become conscious of being different from their peers (p.57-58). Next the adolescent realizes that he/she is homosexual followed by repression of feelings. The adolescent becomes trapped in his/her world without the means to understand their feelings and become further isolated. Without positive feedback, assurance, and guidance from their parents, the adolescent is subject to ridicule from his peer and subject to a downward spiral. "These homosexual minorities struggle in isolation and fear of discovery and as a consequence, their emotional isolation inhibits the timely and successful progression of adolescent development tasks which are put on hold until a safer time (Fontaine p.85)." In other words, the adolescents are not ready to be autonomous.

Discussion

This paper focuses on the adolescents need for positive feedback from their parents. The parents ability to come to grips with their childs sexuality is long and tedious. They often undergo hardships such as questioning their role as a parent. They often ask themselves if they were at fault in their childs upbringing. The truth is there are support groups outside the family so the adolescent does not have to rely solely on their parents. Adolescents can join a community of support offered via Internet or social organization that facilitate their needs. There they can delve deeper into learning their sexual orientation from reliable sources. This must be their first step in "coming out" to their friends and family. What they cannot worry about or help is the societal tendencies to stereotype homosexuals in a certain manner. The faster they come to grip with their sexuality and accept it, society will better modify to these changes.

REFERENCES

Beaty, Lee A. Identity Development of Homosexual Youth and Parental and Familial Influences on the Coming Out Process. Adolescence, Vol. 4, No.15, Fall 1, pp57-600.

Boxer,A., Cook,J., & Herdt, G. Experiences of coming out among gay and lesbian youth adolescent alone. In Jeffrey Bluestein, Carol Levine & Nancy Dubler (Eds). The Adolescent Alone. Cambridge 1. pp11-18

Broughton, Ph.D., John. Class Lecture Notes, as cited.

DAugelli, A. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual development during adolescence and young adulthood. In R. Cabaj and T.S. Stein (Eds.), Textbook of homosexuality and mental health. Washington, DC and London American Psychiatric Press, 16, pp67-88

Erikson, E. Identity and the life cycle. Psychological Issues. I., Vol 1, 15, pp50-100

Floyd,F.J., Stein,T.S., Harter,K.S., Allison,A., & Nye, C.L. Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youth Separation-Individuation, Parental Attitudes, Identity Consolidation, and Well-Being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 8, No. 6, 1, pp71-7.

Fontaine,J.H., & Hammond, N.L. Counseling Issues with Gay and Lesbian Adolescents. Adolescence, Vol.1, No.14, Winter 16, pp817-8.

Friends. Anonymity requested. Interview

How do parenting style facilitate/impede the transition of homosexual adolescents into young adults (i.e. individuation) during development?

Abstract

In the age where more adolescents are identifying themselves as homosexual, my objective was to show how parental roles influence adolescent individuation. Using face-to-face interviews from my homosexual friends and readings done throughout the coursework containing research on adolescent homosexuality, I was able to conclude that positive parental feedback facilitated the transition of adolescents to young adulthood faster than negative parental feedback. Positive feedback helped adolescents soothe their isolation from peers and societal stereotypes.

Please note that this sample paper on Gay is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Gay, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Gay will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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