The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the Sri Lankan GovernmentCauses of the war and of the peace

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Introduction

The past twenty years in Sri Lanka has been wrought with war between the government and the Liberations Tigers of Tamil Eelam. Over 60,000 people have died, and the economy and homeland of the Tamil people has suffered greatly. The conflict began in the 150s when the Sinhalese had the perception that the Tamil had too large of a roll in the government, and then managed to nearly remove Tamil influence (although the make up ~0% of the Sri Lankan population). With the governments refusal to bring things into balance, Tamil militant groups began to demand their own nation. The current situation in Sri Lanka is no longer war. For the past for months there has been a cease fire that both sides have recognized.

This paper will further discuss the historical background that led to these twenty years of civil war, and then analyze why previous attempts at peace have failed. Finally, it will discuss why the current cease fire is lasting longer than the others, and what must still be done to ensure permanent peace in Sri Lanka.

Historical Background

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During the British Colonial period, there was an English speaking elite governing Sri Lanka. This group consisted of both the Tamil and Sinhalese people. In the southern areas, the local Sinhala speaking elites saw the English speaking government as a barrier to their advancement. Also, they felt that there were a disproportionately high number of Tamils in this government. In the 156 election, these local elites defeated the United National Party, and attempted to correct the perceived unfair advantages of the Ceylon Tamils. In the coming years, several actions were taken to reduce the number of Tamil people in the government

- The official government language was changed to Sinhala

- The removal of schools from the control of private bodies (which caused schools in Tamil control to lose funding)

- The introduction of ethnic quotas for university entrance, which prevented qualified Tamils from attaining an education

In response to these actions, the Tamil people made several requests of the government

- A federal constitution;

- Equality of status for the Tamil and Sinhala languages

- Granting of citizenship to the Up-country Tamils

- Halt to government-sponsored Sinhalese resettlement in what were seen as traditional Tamil speaking areas

With the government not acting on their agreements or demands, the Tamil people saw a separate state as their only hope.

Tensions continued to grow, and in 18 war broke out when the Liberation Tigers of Tamil (LTTE) ambushed and killed 1 soldiers. India attempted some peacemaking exercises, which resulted in the Indo-Lanka Accord of July 187. This accord was signed by the governments of Sri Lanka and India, and appeared to meat several of the LTTE grievances. The LTTE, however, saw this as a betrayal of India (Where many Tamil people live), and more killing resulted. The Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF), which was deployed as part of the accord, was soon caught up in war with the LTTE and was finally withdrawn.

Peace talks between the government and the LTTE began in 18, but lasted only briefly, ending when the LTTE attacked police posts in the east.

In 14, the Peoples Alliance Coalition (PA) government came to power, promising sincere efforts for peace. In early 15, fighting ceased while peace talks began. The PA reduced economic sanctions on the north. In mid April, the LTTE declared the government to be evasive and non-committal, and the next day they violated the agreement by launching suicide attacks on two gunboats of the Sri Lankan Navy.

In the coming years, the Sri Lankan government attempted to modify the constitution to appease the LTTE, but nothing ever came of it.

In 00, Norwegian mediators helped the LTTE and the Sri Lankan government agree to a permanent ceasefire (a Memorandum of Understanding), ending 0 years of fighting after 60,000 deaths. The Tamil acceptance of the ceasefire was contingent upon the lifting of sanctions and the removal of a ban on fishing. Although there is not currently any major fighting, the two sides still have many issues to discuss before peace is truly reached.

Causes of the Outbreak of War in 18

The reasons for the outbreak of war in 18 were quite obvious. The militant Tamil people were facing a government unwilling to consider their requests. After years rule under the Sinhalese, they faced reduced opportunities for education, and little representation in government even though they made up almost 0% of the population. War continued because the Sri Lankan government sought mostly to do the minimum to make the militants go away. They did this by military action, economic sanctions, and peace talks all simultaneously. The economic sanctions did little to persuade the LTTE because they saw them as yet another example of being repressed by the government.

Failure of the 18 Peacemaking efforts

Although the Indo-Lanka Accord of 187 appeared to address several Tamil grievances (such as the recognition of Tamil as an official language and offered a system of devolution (transfer of power to local units)), it was made and signed without the input of the LTTE. Furthermore, the LTTE saw this Accord as a betrayal because many Tamil people reside in India and because it was made without their input. When the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) arrived in order to enforce the cease fire, they immediately engaged with the LTTE and were later withdrawn. Without them, negotiations quickly broke down as the LTTE began preparing for war.

Failure of the 15 peacekeeping efforts

There were several reasons that contributed to the rapid breakdown of the cease fire. One of the main reasons was that each side (the LTTE and the PA government) had distinctly different goals in the peacemaking process. While the government wanted to work on a political package to solve the ethnic conflict, the LTTE wanted to discuss reconstruction and rehabilitation of their homeland. Also contributing was that fact that both sides felt the other side was unwilling to budge. There are several other theories on why these talks failed

-That both the LTTE and the military used the period of peace to re-arm and regroup

-That the government sought merely to establish a favorable impression among the international community to secure economic assistance

Another possibility for the sudden breakdown was that the LTTE saw the negotiations as a trap. Instead of trying to deal with the LTTEs problems, the LTTE felt the government was just trying to get them out of the way. In part, this is true because while for the LTTE the war was meant to bring back and keep their way of life, the government saw the war as an activity interfering with its other duties. Because of this perceived trap, the LTTE attempted to develop first strike capability, which explains why they suddenly ended the negotiations with several surprise attacks.

Current peacekeeping efforts

The current situation is more likely to succeed than previous attempts at peace. Both sides finally realized they will have to compromise, and are willing to discuss issues important to the other side. For example, the Sri Lankan government lifted the seven year embargo on food and medicine into the rebel controlled northern territory. They also removed restrictions on fishing in these territories. The fact that the Sri Lankan government did these things before the signing of the agreement went a long way towards showing the LTTE that this was a sincere effort.

The presence of an international support is also greatly increasing the chances of success. The presence of Norway acting as a mediator in the fabrication of the Memorandum of Understanding helped both sides realize that sacrifices would have to be made. The presence of international monitors in the months following cease fire is also prevented both sides from taking advantage of the peace in order to prepare for a military assault.

In order for negotiations to succeed, both sides must have a sincere trust in the other. To this end, the Lankan government has showed that this is a sincere effort by removing the embargos and limits on fishing. The LTTE have not demonstrated a similar effort as of yet. Most of the burden is on the government, however, ???as for the LTTE the only was they know is war, and have no experience in creating a working peace agreement. As stated in Democracy and Deep-Rooted Conflict Options for Negotiators in deep-rooted conflict, parties who come to the negotiation table carry with them an abiding experience of conflict, struggle and war. The exercise of force has been their dominant, perhaps only, mode of engagement. The key challenge in process design is to invert that experience, to get the contenders focused on fears, concerns and interests and the importance of reconciling them, on issues and the importance of resolving them. An effective process is one that will prove itself resilient and durable in the face of delays, deadlocks, walkouts, continuing violence, raised hopes, false expectations and angry words.

Conclusion

Although previous attemps at peace in Sri Lanka have been made, the current situation seems much more promising. The Sri Lankan government has shown a sincere effort to meet some Tamil demands, and the presence of an international mediator has prevented further fighting.

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The importance of noncomformity

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The Importance of Nonconformity

The proposals presented in both Henry David Thoreaus "Civil Disobedience" and Mark Twains "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" depict similar positions and ideas on the moral and ethical inferences for both the individual and society. In "Civil Disobedience," Thoreau presented many radical and distinct suggestions on what the government, democracy, and society should ethically instill upon individuals. Mark Twain also explored this idea of contrary morals and ethics through the adventures of his rebellious character, Huckleberry Finn. Henry David Thoreau and Mark Twain share many similar concepts reflecting on the morals and ethics that are classified between the individual and society. Both writers stress the importance of the individuals personal beliefs and perseverance for freedom, as Thoreau discusses the implications of government, and Twain describes the adventures taken against slavery and society.

One of the most important themes throughout Thoreaus work is the notion of individualism. Thoreau held a negative stance on the existing democratic government system that was unparallel to mainstream society. He believed democracy to be corrupt and immoral since it valued the majoritys opinion, rather than the intellectual or honorable views of individuals. He rejected the idea that a person must adapt his own values out of loyalty to his own government. He thought that democracy was ultimately about compromise when he asked "can there not be a government in which majorities do not virtually decide right and wrong, but conscience?"(15). Thoreau recognized that people accept the decision of the majority and tend to conform to the judgments of others. In his extreme perception, Thoreau asks people to remove themselves from the government when they believe they are being asked to do something wrong. In fact, he suggests in his work "Civil Disobedience," "that government is best which governs least" (14). Thoreau knew that not everybody was going to follow his individualistic values, therefore he stated, "I ask for, not at once no government but at once a better

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government"(15).Thoreau believed that a person is ultimately responsible for himself alone and can and should see himself as independent of his society and government.

Comparable to the ideals of Henry Thoreau was that of Mark Twain, author of "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." The themes of individualism and independence are woven throughout Twains entire novel. The character of Huckleberry Finn was portrayed as a defiant and disobedient young boy courageous and fearless of societys regulations and expectations. Twain proficiently describes Huckleberrys values and attitudes toward society by illustrating his journey with the slave Jim and his continuous reluctance to return to "sivilized society." Huck expressed his negative outlook on conventional civilization as he wanted to "light out for the Territory ahead of the rest because Aunt Sallys going to adopt [him] and sivilize [him] and [he] cant stand it" (8). Despite immense pressure from the majority (or society) imposed on Huck, he still pursued his own morals and ambitions. His self-sufficient views on slavery were conveyed when Huck said to Jim, "people would call me a low down Abolitionist and despite me for keeping my mum- but…I aint agoing to tell, and I aint agoing back there anyways" (51). Here, Huck decides to keep his word to Jim in spite of the dictates of society. This acceptance of Jim also foreshadows Hucks later set of values when he defies society for the sake of his friendship with Jim. The concept of individual versus society is explicitly represented as Huck expressed his personal morals and beliefs unconcerned with the acceptable principles of conservative society.

Of the many themes which ran throughout the novel, the most predominant is the conflict between society and the individual. Both Thoreau and Twain examine the distinctions between individuals personal beliefs, as opposed to societies accepted values. This concept receives its dramatic climax in Twains novel when Huck ultimately tells society to "go to hell." Huckleberry Finn carried out the same actions that Thoreau stressed in his writing. Thoreau argued that government should be based on conscience and citizens should stop associating with the majoritys principles, especially if theyre unlike those of individuals personal beliefs. Thus, Henry David Thoreau shared the same ideals on the individual and personal freedom as Mark Twain did.

Please note that this sample paper on the importance of noncomformity is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on the importance of noncomformity, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on the importance of noncomformity will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Tragedy and Terrorism

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The tragedy of September 11, 001 drastically transformed the sentiment of the American people, and people of the world, for years to come. Tonight we are a country awakened to danger and called to defend freedom. Our grief has turned to anger, and anger to resolution. Whether we bring our enemies to justice, or bring justice to our enemies, justice will come. (1) President Bushs precision speech addressing the nation, supervening of the terrorist attacks, proved to be the most pivotal moment in his career as president thus far. His stirring speech invoked a universal ideal of reassurance, perseverance, and hope, to the morale of the weakened Americans who were affected, both directly, and indirectly by the attacks.

The impact of the heinous attacks on September 11th, caused countries and people around the world to respond, and vow their support to America. European Union leaders expressed their true solidarity to the United States, and each of the 15 European Union countries are prepared to aid the United States response according to its means. () Pakistan, also allied to the United States, is expressing its dedication by sharing their military intelligence, military bases, and air space. Chinas Prime Minister concurred that fighting terrorism is important.

Across the world, people show their dedication, and patriotism, from saying prayers at candle light vigils, being held for those who have lost their lives, to people waiting hours in line at the Red Cross to donate blood for the survivors, that were fortunate to see the light of day out of the World Trade Center, and the Pentagon. FundRaisers were constructed throughout the country, raising an accumulative sum of over 40 billion dollars to rebuild communities, and meet the needs of our military. (1)

President Bushs address to the nation, extremely high in significance, could have possibly been determent factor to the response of people around the world. It was imperative that unity, truth, and optimism were universally understood by the Americans, and the people of the world. Those who commit evil in the name of Allah, blaspheme the name of Allah. () Bush proclaimed clarity and made distinctions between the war being against terrorists, and reiterated the war was not against Muslims, who are a peaceful people.

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Works Cited

1.Bush, George.Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People.

http//www.whitehouse.gov/news/release/001/0/00100 February 1, 00.

. Enstrom, Kirk. Bush Addresses Congress, Nation.

http//www.whitehouse.gov/news/release/001/0/00100

February 1, 00.

.U.S. To Ease Sanctions on Ally Pakistan.

http//www.wral.com/sh/news/stories/nat-news February 1, 00.

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