Nation Park System

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The "National Park" idea or concept is generally credited to one man, George Catlin (176-187) who traveled expansively among the native people in America through out his lifetime. In 18, George traveled through the Dakotas worrying about the safeguarding of Americas westward expansion, wildlife, and the wilderness. In doing so, he wrote, "by some great protecting policy of government…in a magnificent park…a nations park, containing man and beast, in all the wild and freshness of their natures beauty!" (1) Years later in 1864, Congress donated Yosemite Valley to California for the preservation as a state park. Eight years later, in 187, Congress reserved the spectacular Yellowstone country (Yellowstone National Park) in the Wyoming and Montana territories "as a public park or pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people." It wasnt really until August 5, 116, when President Woodrow Wilson signed the "Organic Act" creating the National Park Service (NPS), which was responsible for protecting all 40 national parks and monuments in America. (1)

Another great contribution to the preservation of Americas environment is a man who spent his life to protect and conserve most of the lands resources, John Muir also known as "The Greatest Californian."() Muir began his conservation career in the late 1880s and his death in 114 caused the nation to be committed in his spirit to the wise use of the natural resources we have. Many people believe that in a nutshell, that was his greatness as a human being. All of Muirs writings have moved Presidents in the same way along with Congressmen to take critical action to Americas land use. He wrote in American Forests, "Any fool can destroy trees. They cannot run away; and if they could, they would still be destroyed - - chased and hunted down as long as fun or a dollar could be got out of their bark hides, branching horns, or magnificent bole backbones… Through all the wonderful, eventful centuries since Christs time - - and long before that - - God has cared for these trees… but he cannot save them from fools - - only Uncle Sam can do that."() From this quote, President Cleveland established 1 Forest Reserves totaling more than 1 million acres and the creation of what was to become the U.S. Forest Service. Muir also had a direct hand in the establishment of Yosemite National Park in 180 and two years later, he helped found and was president for life of the Sierra Club, private watchdog of the environment. ()

In todays society, there are many economic interests that threaten the national parks all the time. President Bush has overturned plans that Clinton had made to banish snowmobiles for being driven in the national parks. Nicholas D. Kristof of The New York Times has written that they "conjure an image of rabid rednecks roaring around the geysers, terrifying the elk and leaving even the bison in need of gas masks." (4) Nicholas also said, "Yellowstone will continue to be polluted and degraded, simply to placate the snowmobile industry." (4) Through all this being said, in the early 10s, snowmobiles were almost banned from all national parks due to their noisy motors and the pollution they put out. Now that the industry was running out of time, they magically do something they said couldnt be done. They made a snowmobile that was much more sufficient to the environment still making them legal to ride. As for a final statement in Nicholass article, he wrote, "And as for Yellowstone, the moose and bison should share it each winter with humans even humans on snowmobiles." (4) Buy custom Nation Park System term paper

In 004, President Bush has proposed a budget to accelerate efforts to restore national parks all over the country. In the FY 004 Budget Proposal it said, "This budget proposal reflects a strong commitment to enhance programs benefiting the National Park Service community and partnership efforts as well as the 88 sites within the National Park System. Key budget priorities will help to restore and maintain national parks, strengthen law enforcement programs, and expand volunteer and partnership opportunities." (5) NPS Director Fran Mainella said, "The President understands and appreciates the value of Americas parks and special places." He also included, "This budget is a solid demonstration of his commitment to preserve and protect the cultural and natural resources protected in these treasured places. This budget also brings a new level of awareness to the importance of volunteers and partnership programs, and the role each plays as stewards of these public lands." (5)

On June 1, 00 the press released the headlines, "NPS Director Lauds President Bushs Initiative To Promote Improved Health Through Visiting National Parks." (6) In this article it said, "National Park Service (NPS) Director Fran Mainella applauded the efforts of President Bushs new Healthier US Initiative announced June 1 to promote improved health through the benefits of physical activity and the stress reducing experiences that visiting national parks and participating in park programs provide. As part of the Presidents Comprehensive Fitness Agenda, the Initiative will include an entrance fee-free weekend on June -, 00, to all national park sites across the country." (6) Director Fran Mainella also said, "I am very pleased to join with the President and Interior Secretary Norton in inviting all of America to come out and visit the magnificent natural and cultural resources throughout our country. We share a deep appreciation of the value of national parks and the role they play in the physical fitness and well being of all Americans. The entrance fee-free weekend will be a wonderful opportunity for our visitors to experience national parks and exercise their minds and bodies while uplifting their spirits." (6)

One problem that many U.S. National Parks have a problem with is the tourism that comes to their park every year. Many people are going to parks doubling the tourism for many events that the parks hold, but in some cases, people begin to take advantage of the park at the event. In Moab, Utah, it hosts and annual Jeep Safari around Easter time which has in fact attracted more then 1,500 jeep and sports utility enthusiasts, adding to the already large number of hikers, bicyclists and vehicle drivers who throng to Moab every spring. Maggie Wyatt, manager of federal government land around Moab, says, Our experience is that the Jeep Safari participants themselves are extremely well behaved. They dont want to lose their permit, they want to be able to continue doing this every year; they stay on existing routes that are approved for the Jeep Safari, they caution people not to be driving off those roads. Theyre very diligent about taking along a port-a-potty and picking up trash. Theyre just great. You know, I wish every one would behave that way. (7) She has also included that of the one million people who visit Moabs parklands every year, far too many are careless; "They drive off-road in places where theyre not supposed to. They camp where theyre not supposed to. They tear limbs off trees for firewood." (7) According to the experts, this damage they have created is in fact long lasting.

My belief in the National Park Service is that it should uphold all of the responsibilities to create an environment for all human beings and animals to be able to come together to learn more about what they are and what they do. I think that the situation with the snowmobiles and other touring machines is that that in fact should all be banned because when you are able to use those machines to look around nature, then in a reality, you are cheating. More organizations should be created to protect such endangered animals and also seal off certain parts of the parks, so that no human should be allowed in; only paths might be created with surveillance. As for Presidents in the near future, they should pay more attention to the preservation of our environment and whatever may be inside it.

Works Cited

(1) = National Parks A Brief History. 16 May 00

http//usparks.about.com/library/weekly/aa0158.htm

() = Ecology Hall of Fame John Muir Biography. 16 May 00

http//www.ecotopia.org/ehof/muir/bio.html

() = The Importance Of John Muir John Muir Exhibit Sierra Club. 16 May 00

http//www.sierraclub.org

(4) = Kristof, Nicholas D. "Nature, snowmobiles can coexist." New York Times 6 Dec.

00

(5) = Presidents FY 004 Proposed Budget Accelerates Efforts To Restore National

Parks. Feb. 00 http//data.itc.nps.gov/release/Detail.cfm?ID=56

(6) = NPS Director Lauds President Bushs Initiative To Promote Improved Health

Through Visiting National Parks. 1 June 00 http//data.itc.nps.gov/release/Detail.cfm?ID=67

(7) = Schlender, Shelley. Problems Tourists at National Parks in Utah. 7 May 00

http//greennature.com/article1046.html

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Strategic management

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Table of Content

Content Pages

Introduction1

Concern of the case1

Buy cheap strategic management term paper

Assumption1

Mauritius Its Implication

Conclusion

Bibliography

Clusters and the New Economics of Competition (Michael Porter, 18)

Les Districts et Les Choix DImplantation (Français)

Introduction

As a source of competitive advantage, location is losing its importance because of the existence of corporate networks, global markets, faster transport and communication media. However, clusters represent a new way of thinking about location whereby competition takes place in the global economy based on local things such as knowledge, relationships, motivation that distant rivals cannot match. Clusters are geographic concentrations of interconnected companies and institutions in a particular field. Clusters encompass an array of linked industries and other entities important to competition. Clusters often extend downstream to channels and customers and laterally to manufacturers of complementary products and to companies in industries related by skills, technologies, or common inputs. Competitive advantage, thus, rests on making more productive use of inputs, which requires continual innovation.

Concern of the Case

Modern competition depends on productivity, not on access to inputs or the scale of individual enterprises. Thus, the concern of the case is achieving productivity as a competitive advantage through strategic location in a cluster. Hence, clusters reveal that the immediate business environment outside plays a vital role. Porter claims that productivity rests on how companies compete, not on the particular fields they compete in. Porter further adds that understanding clusters adds four issues to the companys strategic agenda (1) Choosing location, () Engaging locally, () Up-grading the cluster and (4) Working collectively. Globalisation eliminates the traditional comparative cost advantages and location choice is more clusters centered. Engaging locally facilitates access to important resources and information and binds the cluster with a social glue. The local business environment is important to an organisation and upgrading the cluster should be part of managements agenda. Working collectively suggests a new agenda for clusters operation in the private sector such as scale operation, government and business cooperation. Governments have new roles to play and they should strive to create an environment that supports rising productivity and cluster development.

Assumptions

For clusters to succeed, fierce competition has to take place. As a new spatial organisational form, clusters offer advantages in efficiency, effectiveness and flexibility for independent and informally linked companies. In clusters, firms compete intensively to win and retain customers while cooperating together with related vertical industries and local institutions. Competition is important to clusters mainly because it increases productivity of companies based in the area, it drives the direction and pace of innovation, which will determine the future productivity growth, and eventually it stimulates the formation of new businesses that will strengthen the cluster itself. Being part of a cluster allows companies to operate more productively in sourcing inputs, accessing information, technology, and needed institutions, coordinating with related companies and measuring and motivating improvement. In addition to enhancing productivity, clusters play a vital role in a companys ongoing ability to innovate. Other entities in the cluster enable companies to learn about evolving business environment and practices and thereby innovate at a pace suitable to them.

The cluster often presents a significant local market and new business formation increases the collective pool of competitive resources, which benefit the clusters entire member.

Mauritius Its Implication

The Mauritian economy is characterised by four sectors namely the sugar sector, the textile sector, the tourism sector and the Information and Communication Technology sector. Clusters are operational within the island but in a less formalized way. The ways businesses are organized and effected suggest that the concept of clustering applies in Mauritius.

The sugar sector is characterised by around seven sugar factories, which produces and sells sugar to a sole purchaser namely, The Sugar Insurance Fund Board. Hence, the different sugar mills cooperate to achieve the allocated quota attributable to Mauritius by the European Union. The sugar factories often help each other in the sale of bagasse for electricity production. The sugar factories compete on the basis of vary of sugar and quality of sugar produced. Thus, there is the concept of cooperation and competition. Clustering occurs in the geographic location of Mauritius.

The textile sector is characterised by a large number of textile factories whereby firms compete on quality standards and fight for production contracts. The Coromandel and Plaines Lauzun are geographically concentrated export processing zones where textile factories are present. There are textile factories in various places on the island and each of them is regulated by the MEPZA. The MEPZA encourages cooperation of firms among each other to meet excess demand from particular organisations. The textile sector is highly competitive on fiber processing techniques, cloth quality and achieving standards. The government encourages the productivity-working atmosphere by allowing the piece rate pay and overtime to employees and settle trade agreements from other countries such as the AGOA and the WTO summits.

The tourism sector is made up of many hotels, restaurants, casinos and other related businesses. The tourism sector is considered as the most efficient one on the island. The sector encompasses chains hotels such as the Sun resorts, five star hotels and other lower star rated hotels. Travel agencies often sells air tickets, make reservation and organize trips for tourists. For instance, the Mauritours work closely with hotels to ensure island trips and restaurant clientele. Innovation is a considerable feature in sector for examples of golf courts, water parks, under water marine and other sports. For instance, Grand Bay is a geographical location on the island where the tourist can access any service namely money exchangers, supermarkets, hotels, casinos, pubs, restaurants, shops(magasin), tour operators and car rental. Hence, clustering occurs in the tourism sector.

The ICT sector is a developing one on the island and it is also expected to show some clustering characteristics. The Cybercity is expected to include Information Technology specialized shops, teleshops and software engineering organisation and other networking institutions. Hence, the forthcoming Cybercity is already showing signs of competition from existing ICT institutions like Blanche Birger, Harrell Mallac, Mauritius Telecom. The government is closely monitoring the business environment through lately reduced communication tariff that would enable productivity-based competition. Hence, the ICT sector will also show characteristics of cluster.

Conclusion

As global competition eliminates traditional comparative cost advantages and exposes companies to the best rivals from around the world, a growing number of multinationals are shifting their home bases to more vibrant clusters-often using acquisitions as a means of establishing themselves as insiders in a new location. By revealing how business and government together create the conditions that promote growth, clusters offer a constructive way to change the nature of the dialogue foundations for competition will ultimately determine productivity and competitiveness. Governments - both national and local - have new roles to play. They must ensure the supply of high-quality inputs such as educated citizens and physical infrastructure. They must set the rules of competition-by protecting intellectual property and enforcing antitrust laws, for example-so that productivity and innovation will govern success in the economy. Finally, governments should promote cluster formation and upgrading and the buildup of public or quasi-public goods that have a significant impact on many linked businesses. Government, working with the private sector, should reinforce and build on existing and emerging clusters rather than attempt to create entirely new ones. Successful new industries and clusters often grow out of established ones. Clusters are subject to birth, evolution and decline over time.

Bibliography

Porter M. (18), "Clusters and the New economics of Competition," Harvard Business Review, Volume 76, 77-0.

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Zero Tolerance

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Zero Tolerance

It occurs to me (in my mind) at least forty percent of our population has been filled with people who use little or no judgment in their lives. In deed, some people seemed to have missed the boat somewhere, but my goodness people-get a clue (or a psychiatric evaluation). For as many years as I have been an adult, I have encountered large numbers of people (many whom are family) that are completely stupid for at least once or twice in their life. It seems that these one or two occurrences just had to happen in my presence. I must be a magnet to this sort of person because I see it every day. Some are oblivious to fact that they could easily use their brain in life circumstances. However, they manage to fail the application of the general common sense that God gave them.

Take, for example, my cousin. She is a beautiful girl (not a blonde), but at age twenty years old she still steps in it all of the time! She seems very intelligent. Nonetheless, she absolutely refuses to take any of her parents valuable advice. She does not learn from mistakes and acts as if she knows all, yet they are complete morons to her. She dates the wrong kind of guys, lets her friends lead her around, and is always getting money stolen because she leaves exposed to theft. She recently rented a house with one of these nice friends (against our advice and predictions of doom). They got kicked out after a month! She and the roommate would go to work while other friends who did not live there partied in the house. Previously, we asked her not to make this move, and especially not to move into this all-elderly neighborhood. As predicted, the old people complained of the noise. Soon she will call again with some ridiculous excuse of how something just happened and she has no idea how it could have and it was not her fault.

Of all my pet peeves, I feel that people who refuse to use correct pronunciation of a persons name or a particular word is just repulsive. This one person our family knows calls a mutual family businessman Mr. Arledge when the real spelling and pronunciation is Mr. Aldridge. We correct them repetitively to no avail. Mr. Aldridge has jokingly suggested changing his last name to Arledge; He said, "so that my name will finally be pronounced correctly by this person." Needless to say, the person did not take the hint. Buy Zero Tolerance term paper

Equally as annoying are certain drivers who commit major road infractions! Individuals that wish to make a left turn; I wish they would use their blinker and/or get into the turn lane. I hate going down a main roadway when someone comes to a stop in the passing lane to turn into their favorite fast food chain! There is a turn lane there for them to use, but no way, they have got to cause an accident to make that simple maneuver. Furthermore, I hate when people misuse the yield sign. Why do they stop when there is no oncoming traffic? Similarly, why do people not merge when someone is coming onto the road from a ramp or yield area? For the life of me I cannot figure people out sometimes. I am not saying I am perfect, but common courtesy on the road ought to be a given.

Now I am accepting to different languages and even slang terms, but Ebonics is what really makes me laugh. I do have a tolerance to this dialect, but it is only because I had a good friend in high school that is African-American who I picked on about her use of certain terms. Here are a few terms that are incorrect, but I have to laugh about police ociffer (officer), senrority (seniority), confurrsed (confused), and frew (few). I can talk Ebonics as good as some African-Americans at times, but I choose not to use Ebonics in my every-day language. I love to hear Ebonics though; even if only for a laugh.

People must think before they react to things. It takes minimal brain usage to listen to proper pronunciations. Consequently, it takes little or no brain to think out the pronunciation and speak it. It will not harm you to take advice of elders or people who have had similar life experiences. Not using common sense or being a complete blithering idiot will cause you tremendous embarrassment, get you hurt, and quite possibly get you killed. Just a tad of reason will get you far enough in life to get you through things very easily.

In my life, I have zero tolerance for stupidity and ignorance. I just wish everyone else would consider the same in their lives.

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