Accoutning for associates

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8. Explain significant influence and contrast it with control

AASB 1016 defines significant influence as ¡¥the capacity of an entity to affect substantially (but not control) either, or both, of the financial and operating policies of another entity¡¦. Common indicators as suggested by the standard that indicate significant influence over another entity, are;

„Holding 0 percent or more of the voting power in the associate but not greater than 50 percent as this would be control

„Representation on the associates board of directors

„Extent of the materiality of inter-company transactions

„Economic or technological dependencies

„Restrictions on the investee¡¦s ability to make distribution to owners

„The investment must be held long-term for it to give rise to significant influence and establish investor-associate relationship

(The above points are just a suggestion by the standard and all may not apply to every case trying to determine investor-associate relationship).

From the above definition and indicators it is very clear that there is a fine line between significant influence and control, this is because there are no clear rules to distinct significant influences from control.

However the one main difference between significant influence and control is that;

„For a company to have control over another entity it must control both the financial and operating policies of the other entity.

But for significant influence the entity must have significant influence over either or both the financial and operating policies of the other entity.

8.4 What is an associated company? Why should an investment in such a company be treated differently from an investment in a subsidiary company or an investment in some other company?

An associated company, also known as investee refers to a company which an investor can exercise significant influence over (but not control).

AASB 1016 definition of associate is;

An investee not being

(a) a subsidiary of the investor; or

(b) a partnership of the investor; or

(c) an investment acquired and held exclusively with view to it¡¦s disposed in the near future¡K..

over which the investor has significant influence.

A basic example that would give rise to a investor-associate relationship is when company A acquires a small but significant portion of company B shares. Because the investment is small it suggests significant influence rather than control which gives rise to an investor- associate relationship rather than parent-subsidiary relationship (control).

The factor that differentiates associate investment from investments in subsidiary or other companies is that even despite the investor¡¦s significant influence, the associate company remains independent of its investor/s. With subsidiaries, the parent controls the subsidiary, therefore the subsidiary dependant on the parent where as with associate companies significant influences by investors can counter act each other.

8.8 Do you agree with the following proposition ¡¥when applying the equity accounting method, the distinction between pre-acquisition and post-acquisition profits of the investee is irrelevant¡¦.

The distinction between pre-acquisition and post-acquisition profit would only be irrelevant if we were to adhere to AASB 1016. 5. (b) which states that, ¡¥for equity accounting purposes, the investor must account for dividends from associates as a deduction to the investment account.¡¦

This means that regardless of whether its pre-acquisition or post-acquisition profits. They will both be credited against the investment¡¦s carrying value, and not revenue. This application of equity accounting does not clearly reflect profits from investments.

However with the method applied by Jubb

„Pre-acquisition profits remained treated as a reduction of the investments cost (same as all other investment accounting method)

„But, post-acquisition profits are treated as revenue, ¡¥revenue from associates¡¦

This method not only provides a distinction between pre-acquisition and post acquisition profits but it also highlights the profits from investment as opposed to if profits were directly credited to the carrying value of the investment.

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Love

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Love is one of the most precious things that a person may hold in his heart . It is such a wealth which is given by a person that sometimes the beloved refuses all the materialistic wealth of the earth in the place of the genuine feeling. Moreover to prove my saying, our heavenly Father sent His own son as a sign of His true love. so, shakespear is totally right in his couplet of sonnet when he says

for thy sweet love remembered such wealth brings

that then i scorn to change my state with kings.

Nevertheless, love has its inconveniences. Sometimes a person thinks that he owns the world when he is is love; he thinks that he can overcome any hurdle by the power of love which is overcoming his mind,body, and soal. But what a mess will it be when this person finds out that all his chances and fortunes are gone due to his love. When a person loves sombody he just cant see his or her faults. when sombody comes and tells the person that is in love about the truth, he will be rejected by the blinded lover because this love will be under the effect of passion, and the shock will be when the lover wakes up and the irritative state will be his leader to futility. This is why All Mighty God gave the human kind a mind to think with before jumping into conclusions. Besides, love should be given by parents who hold in their hearts the real spontaneous feeling. But love which is from people who do not share with you the same blood is for a certain purpose. Furthermore, there is no true lopve as long as it is temporary. Buy Love term paper

However, we can not eliminate the emotion of love for it gives the human being a reason for living, or a motive for accomplishment. Without love, one will be cold-hearted and will have no taste of comfort. He will feel isolated and wil lose selfrespect. Love fills a humans heart with tenderness , warmth, and joy. To support my idea, when a person in love is waiting for the arrival of his beloved he will be brainstorming, happy, and waiting for desired moment. This is quite a good example to prove how love can

fill a humans life. Ìn addition, when a person is spending his time with his beloved, he feels as if time has betrayed him and flew away hastily. Yet, when this person is waiting for his beloved or if he is away from his beloved, he will be feeling as if he is speeding up the time desperately. Therefore, love is the essence of human nature.

Eventually, love is an emotional state which cam be defined as the reason of living. Love is given freely, gegerously, and with no intention. And now to end up my point of view with a small blessing, Jesus Christ Himself said to his people to love each other in the same way he did love us.

Please note that this sample paper on Love is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Love, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Love will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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HDSL - High bit digital subscriber line

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HDSL

What does HDSL stand for? High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line. When I first took on this topic I really was not sure what HDSL stood for. I knew about DSL but there were so many forms of DSL I really did not know one from the other. So I started at the basics.

What is DSL? A digital subscriber link, a way to digitally connect residences and businesses to the Internet or remotely to a LAN. DSL offers high-speed transmission over already existing twisted-pair copper wire. The twisted-pair copper cables into homes or offices can usually carry more than 64 kb/s but the telephone company needs to handle the signal as digital rather than analog. DSL is an alternative to ISDN, it is offered in many variations such as ADSL, SDSL, HDSL, and VDSL. So the term xDSL was formed, implying the x could be any one of the variation variables.

This has been in use for some years in some countries to provide broad band facilities to business premises (leased line), providing Mbps across up to three miles of wire. Buy HDSL - High bit digital subscriber line term paper

DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line

•Digital - means a line able to carry data traffic in its original form, as opposed to analogue (see below)

•Subscriber Line - the line connecting the individual subscriber (eg a household) to the local exchange

•Analogue - the phone lines we have used for voice phone calls until today have been analogue lines and we have used Modems (Modulator-Demodulator) to convert the digital output of the computer to analogue form for transmission and back into digital form at the other end for use by the computer. The performance of conventional modems and analogue lines has restricted bandwidth - the speeds at which computers can be connected across the phone network and the capacity of the networks to handle traffic.

The use of digital lines makes transmission of computer information faster and more reliable. It also allows much faster connect and disconnect, eliminating the slow process required for modems to establish a connection and start handling traffic. Over time its expected that all future telephony will be digital.

In order to achieve data transmission rates of up to 00 times faster than analog modems, DSL technologies use a wider band of frequencies. Also, because DSL uses a digital signal, DSL transmissions do not pass through the regular analog voice telephone network, but instead are routed on a parallel data network. This element of DSL can clear up the congestion that a lot of dial-up Internet traffic causes, routing allows multiple persons to simultaneously use one DSL line.

For example, a husband could be surfing the web while his wife is on another computer checking e-mail with the same DSL connection. xDSL variations require different customer interface equipment and operate at varying speeds. Copper networking covers almost every mile of the country and is currently the most cost-effective way for carriers to deploy services. As long as copper telephone wires are used for transporting data and voice, DSL will be a viable technology.

HDSL, is one form of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), providing 1.544 Mbps T1 or .048 Mbps E1 (Europe) connections over two or three twisted-pair copper lines, respectively. HDSL technology links a user to a central office over two twisted-pairs that have the same speed in both directions (symmetric). The data stream, which can transmit for distances up to about 6km, is divided into two streams each at half rate (i.e. 784 kbps). These are independently transmitted over the cables and the data is then recombined at the receiving end. HDSL is an alternative to traditional T1/E1 connections, such as connecting PBXs to telco offices, and is usually cheaper.

HDSL uses less bandwidth (than T1 line) and does not require repeaters. Eliminating repeaters allows for minimal administration and maintenance. Installation, which is quick and easy, is only necessary at the central office and the demarcation point of the customer premises. HDSL technology uses B1Q line coding developed for ISDN.

Since HDSL can live in the same cable binders as other lines, it has been designed to eliminate crosstalk from other DSL interference, as well as reduce electromagnetic coupling. HDSL and HDSL were designed to be compatible with other services such as ADSL or T1, which reduces engineering time and costs. Still, HDSL is lacking equipment interoperability which is an inconvenience for carriers.

HDSL has developed as an industry standard, as defined by Bellcore TA-10 modulation scheme. The high-capacity services offered by HDSL meet customer serving area (CSA) guidelines since it is offered over already existing copper lines.

High Bit Rate DSL is a symmetric technology, which provides the same transmission rate in both directions. HDSL is the most mature DSL, because it has been used to provide T1 transmission over existing twisted pair without the additional provisioning typically required for setting up T1 circuits such as the removal of bridged taps and the installation of repeaters. HDSL requires two cable pairs and goes up to 1,000 feet, while HDSL- requires only one cable pair and supports distances up to 18,000 feet. HDSL does not allow line sharing with analog phones.

HDSL-based hardware can be installed in central office units as a stare alone transport system located near a DS-1 cross-connect frame, in the outside plant or at the customer premises. It also is being integrated into multimedia access/transport platforms based on the synchronous optical network.

There are several issues driving the development of HDSL technology for high-capacity, T-1 service over copper

oThere is fierce competition among service providers in metropolitan areas.

oMost customers are impatient about the long provisioning intervals for services that typically can be provided over conditioned copper T-I lines.

oThe majority of these customers need only access and transport because the high-capacity services come to them from an inter-exchange carrier through the LEC.

oThe major service providers have tight budgets and shrinking human resources to manage and deliver service.

oThe current medium in the local loop is copper, and it is likely to remain that way for some time.

oNeither customers nor regulators will allow carriers to pass on, with any significance, the additional expense of duplicating an already existing copper network with fiber.

Because HDSL is an electronic technology that eliminates the need for conditioned lines, it is an excellent solution to these problems. Using existing technologies, lines have to be conditioned by the separation of transmit and receive pairs, removal of bridge taps and addition of line repeaters.

Benefits of HDSL

•Fiber optic-like quality of transmission over already existing copper wire.

•High-speed communications without having to invest in new infrastructure.

•Simpler installation and cheaper than T1/E1.

•HDSL technology does not require repeaters to enhance signal strength and distance (T1/E1 technology does). Distances extend from four to six kilometers.

Applications

•Campus Applications LAN-to-LAN connectivity, LAN/WAN interconnection, PBX network to distribute voice traffic, remote data center access, video-teleconferencing, traditional copper circuits connect with high-speed fiber optic backbones.

•Fiber Access Applications HDSL can provide digital link access to SDH and SONET fiber backbone networks.

•Cellular Applications HDSL can provide link between remote cell locations and central sites. Satellite locations can be inter-linked.

HDSL

By Debbie Chalmers

Questions

1.What does HDSL stand for? High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber line

.What is one Advantage of HSDL? Choice of 4

Fiber optic-like quality of transmission over already existing copper wire.

High-speed communications without having to invest in new infrastructure.

Simpler installation and cheaper than T1/E1.

HDSL technology does not require repeaters to enhance signal strength and distance (T1/E1 technology does). Distances extend from four to six kilometers.

.Is HDSL symmetric or asymmetric? Symmetric

Please note that this sample paper on HDSL - High bit digital subscriber line is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on HDSL - High bit digital subscriber line, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on HDSL - High bit digital subscriber line will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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