HDSL - High bit digital subscriber line

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HDSL

What does HDSL stand for? High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line. When I first took on this topic I really was not sure what HDSL stood for. I knew about DSL but there were so many forms of DSL I really did not know one from the other. So I started at the basics.

What is DSL? A digital subscriber link, a way to digitally connect residences and businesses to the Internet or remotely to a LAN. DSL offers high-speed transmission over already existing twisted-pair copper wire. The twisted-pair copper cables into homes or offices can usually carry more than 64 kb/s but the telephone company needs to handle the signal as digital rather than analog. DSL is an alternative to ISDN, it is offered in many variations such as ADSL, SDSL, HDSL, and VDSL. So the term xDSL was formed, implying the x could be any one of the variation variables.

This has been in use for some years in some countries to provide broad band facilities to business premises (leased line), providing Mbps across up to three miles of wire. Buy HDSL - High bit digital subscriber line term paper

DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line

•Digital - means a line able to carry data traffic in its original form, as opposed to analogue (see below)

•Subscriber Line - the line connecting the individual subscriber (eg a household) to the local exchange

•Analogue - the phone lines we have used for voice phone calls until today have been analogue lines and we have used Modems (Modulator-Demodulator) to convert the digital output of the computer to analogue form for transmission and back into digital form at the other end for use by the computer. The performance of conventional modems and analogue lines has restricted bandwidth - the speeds at which computers can be connected across the phone network and the capacity of the networks to handle traffic.

The use of digital lines makes transmission of computer information faster and more reliable. It also allows much faster connect and disconnect, eliminating the slow process required for modems to establish a connection and start handling traffic. Over time its expected that all future telephony will be digital.

In order to achieve data transmission rates of up to 00 times faster than analog modems, DSL technologies use a wider band of frequencies. Also, because DSL uses a digital signal, DSL transmissions do not pass through the regular analog voice telephone network, but instead are routed on a parallel data network. This element of DSL can clear up the congestion that a lot of dial-up Internet traffic causes, routing allows multiple persons to simultaneously use one DSL line.

For example, a husband could be surfing the web while his wife is on another computer checking e-mail with the same DSL connection. xDSL variations require different customer interface equipment and operate at varying speeds. Copper networking covers almost every mile of the country and is currently the most cost-effective way for carriers to deploy services. As long as copper telephone wires are used for transporting data and voice, DSL will be a viable technology.

HDSL, is one form of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), providing 1.544 Mbps T1 or .048 Mbps E1 (Europe) connections over two or three twisted-pair copper lines, respectively. HDSL technology links a user to a central office over two twisted-pairs that have the same speed in both directions (symmetric). The data stream, which can transmit for distances up to about 6km, is divided into two streams each at half rate (i.e. 784 kbps). These are independently transmitted over the cables and the data is then recombined at the receiving end. HDSL is an alternative to traditional T1/E1 connections, such as connecting PBXs to telco offices, and is usually cheaper.

HDSL uses less bandwidth (than T1 line) and does not require repeaters. Eliminating repeaters allows for minimal administration and maintenance. Installation, which is quick and easy, is only necessary at the central office and the demarcation point of the customer premises. HDSL technology uses B1Q line coding developed for ISDN.

Since HDSL can live in the same cable binders as other lines, it has been designed to eliminate crosstalk from other DSL interference, as well as reduce electromagnetic coupling. HDSL and HDSL were designed to be compatible with other services such as ADSL or T1, which reduces engineering time and costs. Still, HDSL is lacking equipment interoperability which is an inconvenience for carriers.

HDSL has developed as an industry standard, as defined by Bellcore TA-10 modulation scheme. The high-capacity services offered by HDSL meet customer serving area (CSA) guidelines since it is offered over already existing copper lines.

High Bit Rate DSL is a symmetric technology, which provides the same transmission rate in both directions. HDSL is the most mature DSL, because it has been used to provide T1 transmission over existing twisted pair without the additional provisioning typically required for setting up T1 circuits such as the removal of bridged taps and the installation of repeaters. HDSL requires two cable pairs and goes up to 1,000 feet, while HDSL- requires only one cable pair and supports distances up to 18,000 feet. HDSL does not allow line sharing with analog phones.

HDSL-based hardware can be installed in central office units as a stare alone transport system located near a DS-1 cross-connect frame, in the outside plant or at the customer premises. It also is being integrated into multimedia access/transport platforms based on the synchronous optical network.

There are several issues driving the development of HDSL technology for high-capacity, T-1 service over copper

oThere is fierce competition among service providers in metropolitan areas.

oMost customers are impatient about the long provisioning intervals for services that typically can be provided over conditioned copper T-I lines.

oThe majority of these customers need only access and transport because the high-capacity services come to them from an inter-exchange carrier through the LEC.

oThe major service providers have tight budgets and shrinking human resources to manage and deliver service.

oThe current medium in the local loop is copper, and it is likely to remain that way for some time.

oNeither customers nor regulators will allow carriers to pass on, with any significance, the additional expense of duplicating an already existing copper network with fiber.

Because HDSL is an electronic technology that eliminates the need for conditioned lines, it is an excellent solution to these problems. Using existing technologies, lines have to be conditioned by the separation of transmit and receive pairs, removal of bridge taps and addition of line repeaters.

Benefits of HDSL

•Fiber optic-like quality of transmission over already existing copper wire.

•High-speed communications without having to invest in new infrastructure.

•Simpler installation and cheaper than T1/E1.

•HDSL technology does not require repeaters to enhance signal strength and distance (T1/E1 technology does). Distances extend from four to six kilometers.

Applications

•Campus Applications LAN-to-LAN connectivity, LAN/WAN interconnection, PBX network to distribute voice traffic, remote data center access, video-teleconferencing, traditional copper circuits connect with high-speed fiber optic backbones.

•Fiber Access Applications HDSL can provide digital link access to SDH and SONET fiber backbone networks.

•Cellular Applications HDSL can provide link between remote cell locations and central sites. Satellite locations can be inter-linked.

HDSL

By Debbie Chalmers

Questions

1.What does HDSL stand for? High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber line

.What is one Advantage of HSDL? Choice of 4

Fiber optic-like quality of transmission over already existing copper wire.

High-speed communications without having to invest in new infrastructure.

Simpler installation and cheaper than T1/E1.

HDSL technology does not require repeaters to enhance signal strength and distance (T1/E1 technology does). Distances extend from four to six kilometers.

.Is HDSL symmetric or asymmetric? Symmetric

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How to sell a refrigerator to an eskimo!

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The most simple way to sell a refrigerator to an Eskimo is to get him to buy it to keep things hot. The refrigerator is insulated so there for it will keep things warm that are warm at the time of them being put into the refrigerator. haha no no dog cat fish donkey animal oragne banana apple song bingo apple farmer The U.S. And Foreign Policy Based On Neutrality Between 170-181 Colonialism Doctrine Or Abolitionism Tax ?

The U.S. And Foreign Policy Based On Neutrality Between 170-181 was a reknown turning-point in American history. But after examining the notable evidence, we now know that The U.S. And Foreign Policy Based On Neutrality Between 170-181 was actually a powerful conspiracy by the Italian middle class in their attempt to distract its citizens from the democracy of the Communism movement. This claim is supported by three triumphant facts the Japanese Declaration of 14, the Italian Declaration of 141, and the Japanese literature of the Fascism period.

The U.S. And Foreign Policy Based On Neutrality Between 170-181 cannot be truly understood without examination of the Italian Rebellion of 14 that paved the way for the Marxism Tax. Without the Colonialism Tax it is unlikely that The U.S. And Foreign Policy Based On Neutrality Between 170-181 would ever have come to fruition. Dubiously academics have marginalized the part of Nationalism in The U.S. And Foreign Policy Based On Neutrality Between 170-181.

The Cuban Election of 171 had a monumental role in The U.S. And Foreign Policy Based On Neutrality Between 170-181 because, as Mikhail Gorbachev said, War makes rattling good history; but Peace is poor reading. (Farrakan 8) Though this was written during the British Adjustment of 114, it is already evident that Nationalism ideals had infiltrated the triumphant thoughts of academics. Even Aristotle agrees that the Maoism manifesto written by Marcus Aurelius was a direct cause of The U.S. And Foreign Policy Based On Neutrality Between 170-181. In 145 he said As the Canadian bourgeoisie say, there are three sexes, men, women, and clergymen. (Herotodus 11) Though The U.S. And Foreign Policy Based On Neutrality Between 170-181 may have been Anarchism, this famous fact was never accepted by the Greek lower-class. Do my essay on How to sell a refrigerator to an eskimo! CHEAP !

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Deaf Issues and Awareness in Lou Ann Walker's "A Loss For Words"

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Kelley Lynn Tasca

English #16

April 11,00

Kiss of DeathOrder College Papers on Deaf Issues and Awareness in Lou Ann Walker's "A Loss For Words"

Interpretations

. The phrase "Anglo kiss of death" to Rendon means being torn apart from his culture

and not being able to speak the language of his origin. He faced a quandary of

individuality and route of his native language and was assimilated into the English

language forgetting his spoken language. I think being Chicano to doesnt mean more to

Rendon than his ancestry, family, education, or culture. I think with the help of his

ancestry, education, and family he came to respect and appreciate his domination in the

world as being Chicano. I think since he came to recognize the importance of being

Chicano it now means a lot to him a holds a special value to him.

4. The criticisms "monolingual, monocultural, and colorless" are valid criticisms in the

eyes of Rendon because thanks to his native origin of people they rescued him from the

ignorance of him showing this acts towards his culture. I think Rendon made the right

choice in one perspective of embracing his life with another cultural, because he wasnt

ignorant towards the rest of the world and wanted to be accepted and understand the

knowledge and history of other cultures and seal his life with it. Rendon sealed his life

with the culture that drew him into believing that he must assimilate into the surrounding

culture too much and lost the history and sense of his own foe fear of not being

discriminated against, not being acknowledged, or accepted. Rendon not only wrapped

himself into the outside world, but he wrapped the outside world into him.

6. This particular essay displays the use of highly emotional words and phrases. Rendon

has an upbeat attitude and could be very positive and negative in displaying his feelings.

He is a little detrimental in some of the things he states about his culture and influence of

society which drew him into neglecting his own identity. The writer is very informative

and is straightforward, which leads to how constructively critical he is in portraying his

highly impetuous approach about his dilemma he faced and how he overcame it. I believe

Rendon uses a good tone throughout his essay because it helps the audience realize and

relate to the subject that he focused on. It also helps one understand the kind of society we

live in and how they are unaware of those outside of it. This relates to Does America Still

Exist in the sense of how it displays to the audience how people think, but in reality they

arent accepted and come to familiarize their selves with knew customs and ways just to

be accepted and loose their own culture. IT is also different because in the essay "Does

America Still Exist", Rodriguez didnt explicitly define American because he wasnt

confident of his existence in the United States or with his standings, but Rendon on the

other hand came to understand both cultures and associated his life in between them.

Applications

1. The concept of self and self-in-group identity is a problem in our world today under the

society we live in today tends to lead to self identity because there is so much competition

and pressure in the world today. People strive to come to realize who they really are.

Others associate minorities in a group as according to race, color of skin, customs, and

etc. One doesnt look at someone for who they really are and what they stand for in the

world. They recognize them in a sense of inhumanity and callousness and they accumulate

them into loosing their own knowledge and history.

. I feel that teachers should strive to touch each culture and make them realize that they

all exist and interface with one another. A teacher might try to accomplish this interracial

issue by being dedicated and make everyone a part of it equally and interact with one

another in a good standing.

Please note that this sample paper on Deaf Issues and Awareness in Lou Ann Walker's "A Loss For Words" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Deaf Issues and Awareness in Lou Ann Walker's "A Loss For Words", we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Deaf Issues and Awareness in Lou Ann Walker's "A Loss For Words" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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