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Japan is a country that, like any society, has underwent many social changes in its history. These changes have had an effect on men women and children as well as the society as a whole. There are many reasons for these changes. Of all the different aspects of society affected, I am going to focus most on how this has affected women.
Compared to the U.S., the whole family system is set up very differently in Japan. It is now a patriarchal society, although more women are gaining power and entering the work force. Much has changed in recent years. In traditional Japanese families husbands work and wives take care of their children, but that is gradually disappearing. The number of two-paycheck family is increasing in Japan. The parents are too busy to take care of their children. They come to have fewer children. Another problem is that wife takes care of her husbands parents. In Japan, after people get married, more couples live with the husbands parents or live separately than live with the wifes parents. So in that case wife must take care of her husbands parents. This is not only a family matter, but it is a social welfare.
Among the many things changing in Japan is the age of brides. To be a bride used to be many girls dream. Its such a romantic sound. But nowadays, women are more realistic and active. Thirty years ago, a young woman was expected to marry between the ages of 0-4. Those who were still single at age 5 were pitied and labeled "urenokori" which means "unsold merchandise" or "tatsu" which means "overripe fruit."
Marriage was a must. It was a source of economic power. Unmarried women were thought to be cold and unattractive. On the other hand, men who were not married past the age of 0 were just considered to be not fully adult. The average age of Japanese brides was 4.6 in 170, but in 10 it was 5.8 for women and 8.5 for men. Much has changed in the post war days. Buy Social Changes in Japan term paper
Most jobs force women to retire once they are married and plan to have children. Because a wife has lots of things to do in the house such as looking after the children and even the husbands old parents, as well as house work, it would be difficult to keep working outside of the home. Few companies have a day care center. Traditionally, its said to be not good that a woman has a job. Formally, a husband calls his wife kanai , which means in the house . Many husbands still want their wives to be real kanai . A wife has to be a good cook, she has to keep a home neat and clean. The ideal is really cramped and working women sometimes have to feel small. Another problem is, traditionally, wives take husbands surname. Hence, wives have to adapt themselves to another lineage. All the children are educated equally but a wifes role and a husbands role hasnt changed much for years. Its no wonder getting married puts off more women.
Many Japanese women are living a much more pluralistic life these days. They are seeking to gain their independence and broaden their horizons. This is not done the same way it was done in the U.S. The movement for equality has been described as more of a quiet revolution. Japanese women have a much different sense of equality than American women. They believe that men and women can have separate roles but still be equal. For instance they view women working at home and men working outside the home as equal. In the book The Japanese Woman Traditional Image and Changing Reality it says "Japanese thinking, whatever the scientists are saying, is based on the belief that even though men and women are different in disposition, behavior and biology, they can be equal as humans, although that equality consists of a balance of advantage, opportunity and responsibility achieved over time." Husbands willingly admit their dependence on women. Japanese women are extremely pragmatic. They are not concerned with achieving equality with men in terms of time and energy or even or even income or status rewards. They believe it is much more important for women to be able to pursue their own individual preferences.
According to the same book, relationships between sexes in Japan are described as "dansei joi," which means "men superior, women dominant." Until The beginning of the Muromachi age, Japan was matriarchal. The Mejiera period marked the beginning of the moderniszation of Japan. This is where things took a dramatic change and women lost a lot of their power. With the modernization of Japan, males dominated. A vertically structured society became firmly established leaving women out of the mainstream. The typical man in Japan today devotes much time to his work. He is seen as a company man. The roles men are expected to fill are narrowly defined and quite limited. The scope of a mans world is much smaller than a womans in terms of options. This is the complete reversal of the situation in pre-war Japan. In the pre war days there were three Confucian laws of obedience that women were to follow. They were to be obedient to fathers when young, husbands when married, and children when old. These obediences can be rewritten today for men. They are the obedience to mothers when young, companies when adult, and wives when old.
In terms of personality, Japanese women are much different from American women. They tend to be much more passive. They tend to wait things out and not jump to conclusions. Japanese never view things as 100 percent right or 100 percent wrong. Todays Japanese woman is also much different from the pre war Japanese woman. In Japan, women tend to be non-confrontational. They are likely to be evaluated for their compliance or "sunaosa" and concern for interpersonal harmony or "ki-kubari." Compared to older women, young Japanese woman are much more outspoken.
Older generation brought up by parents with pre war values view men as superior. They believe women are to support mens roles as the breadwinners. Men view women as not fully adult. They completely monopolize responsibility positions in politics, government, and financial and other international institutions. Men do not see women as an immediate threat to them selves. They dont interfere in affairs of women and they dont know much about what women are doing, enabling women to be more independent.
Much has changed in terms of family structure in Japan when comparing post war to pre war generations. Post war generations are brought up to believe sexual equality to be an obligation. In the post war days are when women realized they werent satisfied just being a mother and wife. Japanese women were very influenced by Hollywood and American movies. Women were eager to relate to their husbands as a friend and men were not enthused. Japanese men prefer to be authoritarians. Some of this quiet womens revolution has had an effect on children. Some argue that children are being neglected more with mothers out of the home.
There are many aspects to society that have changed over time, but one that hasnt changed much is the communication style. Communication between same sexes is very dense while communication between sexes is very minimal. Activities revolve around members of the same sex. Very rarely are men and women seen socializing together. When it comes to close personal relationships, the style is much the same. It is very distant. It is very different from in the U.S. where couples are extremely close. The Japanese see closeness as a problem. They think the closer a couple gets, the more likely divorce will be. Japanese find it very paradoxical that Americans strive so hard to be independent yet they rely on such close relationships.
Overall, the Japanese family structure has changed a great deal over time. These changes have a lot to do with pre and post war ideology. We can see changes in how woman are viewed, personality changes, and role changes. This has an effect on everyone in the society, men, women and children. Most of the changes surround women. A womans role in the family as well as the workplace has changed a great deal over the years.
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