Functionality of the Chorus in Greek Plays

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The Functional Chorus in Oedipus at Colonus

In Greek plays, the Chorus serves as a multi-faceted entity able to reason with characters and intrigue the audience while aiding Greek playwrights and actors with the ease of scene transition and overall flow of their thespian work. However, the Chorus maturates throughout each individual play, which is diacritical of Greek plays as a whole. In Oedipus at Colonus, the Chorus attains a level of functionality as a fixture of stage production and as an approach to understanding difficult ideals the play cultivates.

The Chorus has both a subjective and objective role within Oedipus at Colonus. Its objectivity rests with it role as a presence on the stage. Greek sets were notoriously plain and were dependent on the Chorus to distract the audience during whatever minimal scene changes were needed ("Oedipus the King"). Masks and costumes during Greek plays did not allow for emotion, so actors were dependent on the Chorus words to portray any sentiment existing between the characters. Essentially, the Chorus functions as background music, giving a framework of events that occur prior to the action and foreshadowing to future events. The Chorus also forces us, the audience, to respond to the activity on stage, whether we agree or disagree with what the Chorus proclaims. It is with this that the Chorus in Oedipus at Colonus becomes subjective, acting as the voice of reason and making conclusions and throwing upon us the necessity of opinion and taking sides.

The Chorus mentality towards main characters within the play changes over the course of action in an almost bell-curve path, using the tragedy as a conduit for its swells and falls. As Oedipus enters the grove of Athens, the Chorus is not involved with Oedipus but ascertains their role as the public opinion consequently question Oedipus and disapprove of his location. The Choral Dialogue, however, shows how the Chorus keeps a fluid change of pace. Their desire for Oedipus to move closer to them signifies their eventual relocation to the scene of the action in Oedipus at Colonus

Stand aside and come down then!

There is too much space between us!

Say, wanderer, can you hear?

If you have a mind to tell us

Your business, or wish to converse with our council

Come down from that place!

Only speak where it is proper to do so! (-4)

It is significant that they wish for Oedipus to come to them and not vice versa. They reason that Oedipus resting spot is holy, but it also serves as a forced invitation to become involved in Oedipus story. However, the Chorus does not wish to become too involved, and hence waits for "higher authorities" to "judge this matter" (100). It is this way the Chorus allows for the audience to hear an opinion of a higher power and not only hear the ways of the general public of Athens.

As the play continues , the Chorus begins a liaison with Oedipus. They counsel him in the prayers of Eumenides to appease the spirits whom he offended when he entered the holy grove. The Chorus becomes close with Oedipus, and believes him even in the presence of Theseus.

My lord before you came this man gave promise

Of having power to make his words come true! (11)

The Chorus now sides with Oedipus, and when Creon comes to take Oedipus daughters, the Chorus cries out in their disagreement with Creons actions. In fact, the Chorus begins to consider Oedipus the proper one, and Creon a "stranger" (1), although Creon and Oedipus are equally new to the land. At the entrance of Theseus, we reach the climax of the relationship between the Chorus and Oedipus where they make vocal their association with Oedipus

My lord, our friend is worthy; he has had

Disastrous fortune, yet he deserves our comfort. (1)

From then on, the Chorus takes its place behind Oedipus until Zeus thunder signals Oedipus time to depart his world peacefully. While Antigone and Ismene cry, the Chorus (who, up to now, has been defending him mercilessly) states simply he has passed. The bell curve reaches its cadence, with the Chorus now continuing the alliance, formerly with Oedipus, now with Antigone. The Chorus disassociates itself with Oedipus completely, backing away gracefully and stating that there is no need for any further emotion because it is all in "the hands of God."

Essentially, the Chorus forges alliances as it become convenient, befriending the main character when the audience is supposed to, and disbanding the alliance when the main character passes on and continuing the alliance with Antigone. Here, the Chorus fills in the blanks for the audience; it dictates whose side to be on. While Oedipus is freed by death of his sinning ways, the Chorus aids us in deciding that it is not Oedipus at fault but the gods mysterious ways.

The Chorus affiliation does nothing to contradict the actions of the main characters. It feeds off only pre-existing situations and arguments, and cause no new disturbances. Oedipus responds in kind to the Chorus, as does Creon (albeit his in a negative fashion.) The Chorus maintains a level of ambiguity, able to change sides and opinion almost immediately as the situation allows. This gives the Chorus a methodology; basically, join the side of the argument that can attain the highest level of sympathy from the audience.

In essence, the Chorus has the function of directing us, the audience, to a side. If we choose to side with the Chorus, we sympathize for the character they do, which in this case is Oedipus and later on, Antigone. If we choose to go against the Chorus, we will remain pursuant to the idea that Oedipus is a sinner and we will sympathize with Creon and Polyneices. Regardless, the Chorus forces a choice upon us. The functionality of the Chorus remains as a buffer to give us justification for our decisions, to meld the play together and to essentially reward us for our decision. If it werent for the Chorus, we might never reach a conclusion to the play. Its with the Chorus that we find ourselves constantly on track with the piece, never astray from the action. In the 1st century, a Chorus would not be well received with our affinity for intermission and commercials.

The Chorus in Ancient Greek plays has an important role. It is an ancient method of scene transition and cohesion while enforcing the audiences attention toward the action and subsequent conclusions of the performance. For the Chorus has an integral part of any Greek play. any "character" that habitually gets the final word in a play has a high honor, and the Chorus unequivocally fills that "role".

Works Cited

"Oedipus The King, by Sophocles." Classics. 18 Jan. 001 (http//classics.uc.edu/johnson/

tragedy/oedipus_king.html)

Fitzgerald, Robert and Dudly Fitts. Sophocles The Oedipus Cycle. Florida Harvest, 177.

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Oceanography

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Coral Reefs are believed to be one of the most ancient ecosystems on the planet. While most recent reefs existing today began about 10,000 years ago, the beginning stages of their evolution began around 50 million years ago. They are the home for up to 4,000 different species of fish, 700 types of coral, and thousands of other plants and animals. Reefs are made up of limestone skeletons produced by coral polyps. The coral polyps die and leave behind the skeleton, resulting in their layering. This layering of skeletons forms a reef. They are usually found in warm shallow water as algae and coral grow up toward sunlight. There are three types of reefs that are important in explaining the origination and evolution of modern reefs. They are the fringing reef, the barrier reef, and the atoll reef.

The fringing reef is flat, lies near coastlines of islands and continents, and is attached immediately to the shore. This type of reef is seen around the Hawaiian Islands. A barrier reef runs along the coast or shore of an island or continent, but is not connected. A deep lagoon usually separates it. A well-known example of this type is The Great Barrier Reef in Australia. It is the largest reef in the world running 1,00 miles along the coast. An atoll reef forms around an island and is usually surrounded by deep water. The island, existing as the top of an underwater volcano, sinks leaving the reef to continue to grow. The Bikini Atoll was used for nuclear weapons testing in the 150s.

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Oceanography

In the 180s, Charles Darwin hypothesized that the three types of reefs were formed progressively by subsidence of a central volcanic island. As the volcano sinks, a fringing reef becomes a barrier as the land disconnects. The volcano sinks further eventually disappearing from the ocean surface. As the algae and coral continue to grow upward, an atoll reef is formed around where the land used to be.

Drilling thru atolls in the 150s proved Darwins hypothesis to be true. Reefs are amazing effort of nature. Beginning 50 million years ago, evolution has created what we know as our reefs today. We can discover their beauty and wonder while sea diving. Flying over in a plane we can see the incredible colors of the coral.

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The pianist - Roman Polanski

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' The Pianist " - Roman Polanski

Does the world really need another Holocaust film? Keene ( December 00). Roman Polanskis, 'The Pianist brings us face to face with a historical record presented on screen so many times it may seem to have lost some of its force. During the past 1 years, there have been 170 movies on the Holocaust. No other historic subject has received such extraordinary cinematic focus. Whilst we can say the theme has been over exploited, 'The Pianist focuses on one persons extraordinary story, however also emphasises that almost every holocaust survivor possesses an equally terrifying account.

Based on a true story, 'The Pianist recounts the experiences of Wladislaw Szpilman (Adrian Brody), a young Jewish musician whose world was, his family and his music, until he was deprived of both when the Germans invaded Poland in 1. 'The Pianist puts you in the Warsaw Ghetto that encloses you, just as the brick wall enclosed 500,000 Jews by 140. The Ghetto was, overcrowded with people who were forced to shamely wear the Star of David armbands and whos fate was held in the hands of the Nazis. We learn of this life in the ghetto through the Szpilman family.

Wladyslaw Szpilman, was an intense young man, living in an upscale neighbourhood of Warsaw with his family, including his mother (Maureen Lipman), father (Frank Finlay), brother Henryk (Ed Stoppard) and sisters. The film begins with him playing the piano for a Polish radio station, when the first bombs are dropped in Warsaw. As he flees the studio, he meets a pretty blonde lady by the name of Dorota (Emilia Fox), but their attempts at dating are overcome by their different faiths and by the Nazis prohibiting Jews from many sectors of the city. However, Szpilmans and Dorota cross paths again many years later.Cheap custom writing service can write essays on The pianist - Roman Polanski

Music, literally, saves Szpilmans life. Initially, his status as a renowned musician allows him and his family to live in the smaller but better part of the ghetto, and to work as a pianist in a Jewish restaurant. We see Szpilman and his family, cling to life, as they watch the Jewish ghetto being built, children die in front of them and innocent people dragged from their beds and shot. For a while, Szpilman and his family manage to escape the difficulties of deportation as they find employment that prolongs their stay for the moment. Not long after, deportation was inevitable. When he and his family are finally forced to board the cattle cars that will take them to the Treblinka death camp, he is pulled aside by a Jewish collaborator / policeman who admires his music, and allowed him to return to the Ghetto. Isolated and numb by all the misfortune of being separated by his family, Szpilman is an observer of the cruel fate that affects his life.

After eventually escaping the Ghetto, he is rescued by the Polish underground whom included Dorta and her husband. The Polish underground located Szpilman into various apartments throughout the city to, "await the worst ." From here Szpilman is solitary, for he can not afford to be discovered by the Germans . Although, he receives some assistance through friends along the way, he is virtually alone as he fights hunger, loneliness, sickness and fear. But the journey gives a unique perspective on the war raging, as he observes through the progression of windows. "Whether hiding out underground, censoring his behaviour, relying on the kindness of strangers or being exposed to the continued inhumane harassment of Nazi dominance, Szpilmans humanity is constantly tested by the disbelief of this elaborate, nightmarish scenario." Frank Ochieng (00).

Thorough the film, Szpilman finds himself music-less.  Although he cannot risk making a sound while hiding in a Warsaw apartment, he sits by the piano and moves his fingers above the keys, appreciating the silent music. With this, he touches our hearts and has us genuinely hoping that he will endure and survive through the turmoil we see him miraculously battle alone. In his final hiding place in bombed-out Warsaw, Szpilman is protected by a Nazi music lover, who brings him food and a warm coat. But equally important, music keeps his spirit alive.

After a long, lonely, awaited moment , Szpilman is finally saved by the Russian soldiers. It was from this moment, the struggle was over. After the war, we learn, Szpilman remained in Warsaw and worked the remaining of his life as a pianist.

The Director, Roman Polanski is a Holocaust survivor, saved at one point when his father pushed him through the barbed wire of a camp, he wandered the Ghetto a frightened child, cared for by the kindness of strangers. "Polanskis own experiences as a child, gives the film a wider socio-historical import than would a fictional narrative using the well-worn background of the War to provide dramatic context." Yoram Allon (00). Polanski is dependable, as he knows all he has to do is tell the story and tell it well. He Crafts the movie with confidence, by keeping the narrative simple, knowing the power of the story needs no manipulation, as you cant hope to explain this much pain, you just show it.

Although Polanski chose not to film his own story, his own horrific war time experiences related very closely to that of Szpilmans. As an artistic Jewish youngster growing up in Poland during the holocaust, Polanski was able to identify closely with Szpilman and use his traumatic tale to convey his own feelings about life in Poland under Nazi rule. Polanski, like Szpilman, is a camera, witnessing and recording these events so they will never be forgotten. It presents this devastating moment in history through an artists first hand account. 'The Pianist, does not exploit or simplify its subject; there are good and hateful Poles, courageous and selfish Jews, even a kind-hearted Nazi.

So what does make this film so unique and different from other Holocaust films? I would have to argue against, 'Phil Hall (00) who classified 'The Pianist, as 'just another representation of the Holocaust and consequently, its theme alone has lost its force as a film. As there are no words left to describe the horrors of the Holocaust, Polanskis approach as he portrays the severely caustic manipulations behind the Holocaust, makes the film more honest in contrast to other World War II films. Instead of focusing on the hideous movement of the Nazis, Polanski, uses the thriving madness of the Holocaust as a background landscape to mould his character of Szpilman.

By showing Szpilman as a survivor, rather than a fighter or a hero, Polanski is reflecting himself as a man who does all he can to save himself, but would have died without enormous good luck and the kindness of a few non-Jews. It is the approach of capturing the more common way of which the Jewish survived - by chance rather than heroism, that makes this film so incredibly distinctive.

Please note that this sample paper on The pianist - Roman Polanski is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The pianist - Roman Polanski, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on The pianist - Roman Polanski will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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