Oceanography

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Coral Reefs are believed to be one of the most ancient ecosystems on the planet. While most recent reefs existing today began about 10,000 years ago, the beginning stages of their evolution began around 50 million years ago. They are the home for up to 4,000 different species of fish, 700 types of coral, and thousands of other plants and animals. Reefs are made up of limestone skeletons produced by coral polyps. The coral polyps die and leave behind the skeleton, resulting in their layering. This layering of skeletons forms a reef. They are usually found in warm shallow water as algae and coral grow up toward sunlight. There are three types of reefs that are important in explaining the origination and evolution of modern reefs. They are the fringing reef, the barrier reef, and the atoll reef.

The fringing reef is flat, lies near coastlines of islands and continents, and is attached immediately to the shore. This type of reef is seen around the Hawaiian Islands. A barrier reef runs along the coast or shore of an island or continent, but is not connected. A deep lagoon usually separates it. A well-known example of this type is The Great Barrier Reef in Australia. It is the largest reef in the world running 1,00 miles along the coast. An atoll reef forms around an island and is usually surrounded by deep water. The island, existing as the top of an underwater volcano, sinks leaving the reef to continue to grow. The Bikini Atoll was used for nuclear weapons testing in the 150s.

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Oceanography

In the 180s, Charles Darwin hypothesized that the three types of reefs were formed progressively by subsidence of a central volcanic island. As the volcano sinks, a fringing reef becomes a barrier as the land disconnects. The volcano sinks further eventually disappearing from the ocean surface. As the algae and coral continue to grow upward, an atoll reef is formed around where the land used to be.

Drilling thru atolls in the 150s proved Darwins hypothesis to be true. Reefs are amazing effort of nature. Beginning 50 million years ago, evolution has created what we know as our reefs today. We can discover their beauty and wonder while sea diving. Flying over in a plane we can see the incredible colors of the coral.

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