The early developement of Perspective

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The early development of perspective

Prior to the Renaissance artists were less concerned with the illusion of reality and more concerned with the content and symbolism of their work. The size of each element in the image related much more to its importance, rather than its placement in a space.

Artist unknown. Madonna and child. Help with essay on the early developement of Perspective

Notice how large the Madonna and child are compared to the rest of the image.

Artist unknown. Garden Scene.

Look at this image, examine its composition, how is perspective used in this picture? What is the most important element? how can you tell?

By the height of the Renaissance, artists had mastered the mathematics and visual techniques of perspective. Artists such as Brunelleschi, Leonardo DaVinci and Piero della Francesca were using it to great effect, giving their work a stronger illusion depth.

Piero della Francesca. St. Anthonys Polyptich (detail)

Brunelleschi devised the method of perspective for architectural purposes -- he is said by Manetti to have made a ground plan for the Church of Santo Spirito on the basis of which he produced a perspective drawing to show his clients how it would look after it was built. We can compare this drawing with a modern photo of the actual church.

Brunelleschi, Drawing for Church of Santo Spirito.

Ten years later, Masaccio applied the new method of mathematical perspective even more spectacularly

1.In this fresco of the Holy Trinity, where the barrel vaulted ceiling is incredible in its complex, mathematical use of perspective.

.Lines following Masaccios actual geometric framework are overlaid to make clear the structure of the perspective itself.

.From the geometry it is actually possible to work backwards to reconstruct the full volume in measured accuracy of the -dimensional space Masaccio depicts

1. . .

Masaccio. Holy Trinity.

The rules of perspective

One point perspective

The simplest form of perspective is one point perspective. It presumes a single Point, which all others move towards. It Is like looking down a straight road as far as you can see, lines which we know are parallel seem to converge on a single point known as the Vanishing Point. We can see this in the picture of the Agora in Athens. (Below)

View of the Agora

To draw in one point perspective, draw a horizon line and draw a vanishing point anywhere on the horizon. Lines which are parallel in real life are drawn to intersect at the vanishing point.

All lines travel to the vanishing point in both these drawings.

Distant figures appear smaller but have the same shape and proportions as they would close up.

Two point perspective

This is all very fine if you are looking at a thing face on down a corridor, but what if you are facing the edge of something? This is where point perspective comes in.

We are now looking at an object from slightly above and we can see more of the object in question, giving an even stronger sense of its -dimensional form.

By lowering or Horizon Line, we can alter our view of the object to make it seem to loom over our viewers. It is important to remember that the horizon line is always at the level of your eyes, regardless of whether yo are looking from above or below an object.

Piranesi used this technique to great effect in his drawing Fantasy on a Magnificent Triumphal Arch-1765.

Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Fantasy on a Magnificent Triumphal Arch, 1765

Can you find where the horizon and vanishing points are?

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A Few Words About the Jungle

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In the weeks and months following the publication of Upton Sinclairs The Jungle, there were many discussions about this novel. Considered crude and blunt in his naturalistic method, Sinclair was said to over exaggerate the difficulties that Jurgis Rudkus and his extended family faced. Sinclair effectively made his point through the use of his characters, the setting and figurative language. An active advocate of Socialism, Sinclair wrote his novel to expose the horrible conditions in which the working class was forced to live. Constructing characters who were to be defeated was meant to soften the readers heart, propaganda for the message of Socialism.

Although there was no doubt that the Chicago stockyards or Packingtown held a lower standard of life than was considered the American Dream, it was implausible that one family would confront so many hardships. The author describes Chicago as a savage place, a jungle, which is a harsh but accurate depiction of Packingtown in the early twentieth century. Every horror that the family encounters advocates Sinclairs support of Socialism. Taking the reader through the packing plant exposes the unsanitary conditions that were ever prevalent in the stockyards. It is said that The Jungle hit peoples stomachs, not their hearts. Sinclair did not mind however as it propelled the working men of America into the eye of the public. Descriptions such as the following two that are found on page 6 were likely meant to raise the national consciousness. It seemed that they must have agencies all over the country, to hunt out old and crippled and diseased cattle to be canned" and "there were cattle which had been fed on whiskey malt, the refuse of the breweries, and had become what men called steerly--which means covered with boils".

The setting was meant to provide a comparison between Packingtown and those who lived in lavish extravagance. In chapter twenty-four Sinclair tells of how Jurgis met a Master Freddie the son of Mr. Durham, the owner of the packing plant in which Jurgis once worked. Dramatic comparisons were drawn between the difference in wealth of the rich and poor, showing what Sinclair considered a huge problem with Capitalism. "Wanta see the place, ole chappie? Wamme play the guvner--show you roun? State parlors--Looee Cans--Looee Sez--chairs cost three thousand apiece. Tea room Maryanntnet--picture of shepherds dancing--Ruysdael--twenty-three thousan! Ballroom--balcny pillars--hic--imported--special ship--sixty-eight thousan!" The author uses the setting to teach us that the condition in which the working class was living was unfit for humans. Men lived in rooms without windows; many were homeless yet others were living in luxury that the former could not imagine.

The story is told through the eyes of Lithuanian immigrants, flat characters whose dreams for the future are eventually crushed after becoming the Everyman of America. Sinclair does not sacrifice his message for the sake of believable characters and a credible plot. Jurgis is a character with little history or personality. Coming to America he is portrayed as a hard worker very much in love with his new wife, Ona. In chapter two the author introduces the reader to his naïve aspirations. Jurgis talked lightly about work, because he was young. They told him stories about the breaking down of men, there in the stockyards of Chicago, and of what happened to them afterward--stories to make your flesh creep, but Jurgis would only laugh." This attitude of hard work persisted and Jurgis was proud to be a cog in this marvelous machine. After time however, his opinion on life in the stockyards had greatly changed. He no longer had hope of the future, but turned to alcohol to solve his problems.

Cheap University Papers on A Few Words About the Jungle

Stumbling through life in the city, Jurgis is Sinclairs universal, a man who could be anyone. He was a meat-packer, a prisoner, a steelworker, a scab, a petty criminal, a hobo on the road and finally a converted socialist. He portrays the life that anyone could have, and the salvation that solves everyones problems. On page 10 Sinclair describes how the family has no reprieve from the work that they are tied to. Four or five miles to the east of them lay the blue waters of Lake Michigan; but for all the good it did them it might have been as far away as the Pacific Ocean. They had only Sundays, and then they were too tired to walk. They were tied to the great packing machine and tied to it for life. This contrast could be drawn between anyones life, any muckraker throughout the world, fed up with the inequality of Capitalism. This was Sinclairs goal, and although it is obvious, he makes his point; Socialism is the answer to the problems that plague the working class.

Sinclair uses figurative language in an attempt to create a novel of literary merit. Often this figurative language enables him to more effectively make his point. In chapter fourteen Ona is having difficulty with her health and Sinclair uses figurative language to strengthen his position. "…the accursed work she had to do, that was killing her by inches." As well in chapter twenty-eight Sinclair uses figurative language to make the speaker at the Socialism convention seem well educated. "I shall still be waiting--there is nothing else that I can do. There is no wilderness where I can hide from these things, there is no haven where I can escape them; though I travel to the ends of the earth, I find the same accursed system…" Although Sinclair is by no means the finest author, at times throughout The Jungle, his value as a novelist is evident.

In spite of the fact that The Jungle falls far short of a great novel, it is written as protest against the deceitful practices of the meat packing industry. This is the central theme of Sinclairs questioning of the competitive individualism that is Capitalism. Upton Sinclair uses the setting, his characters and figurative language to make his points. Although he is at times mundane and lifeless, Jurgis story is still interesting, and one cannot help but be carried along the plot. You find yourself at times agreeing with Sinclair, yet shaking your head at his dogmatic opinion. This novel contains a valuable history lesson.

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Walmart

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What are the consequences of my delinquent behavior?

Because of my delinquent behavior Im having to face 55 hours of community service, my stuff taken away, not being allowed in Wal-Mart, and the debt I owe to my grandma (For the Fine) hanging over my head.

I guess what made me act the way I did, was I was facing what most call peer pressure. I was being influenced by the wrong people, people whom I called friends. Im guessing you would be thinking, Im 15 years old, Im old to know not to jump off a cliff if my friends told me too. But obviously I made that jump and it backfired. I realized that what I got was nothing I really needed and not worth the embarrassment I put my grandma through, the loss of trust and the consequences that Iam facing.

Because of my delinquent behavior in (Or should I say NOT in school), Im not being able to see my mom over the summer. Because Im taking summer school but when Im not in summer school I have to do community service. Completely screwing myself over relaxing and having the summer off.Cheap Custom Essays on walmart

But I deserve how Im being punished. Shoplifting isnt exactly a career option and ditching school isnt helping me graduate. I feel Im slowly learning my lesson, to finally straighten up my act and start taking stuff seriously. Because my future is coming quick and I cant slow it down, so its my decision NOW! How I want it to be!

Im in summer school until the end of August, Im taking a class that I failed at the beginning of the year. Though I cant do very much to catch up with all my other classes, at least Ill be caught up with one of the important ones. Im doing community service at a park near by and Im staying out of trouble. Well Im not going to lie to you and say, By the end of the six months Im going to be a straight A student with perfect attendance and never ever get trouble goody goody. But what Im going to tell you is Im trying, and I want to graduate and I dont want to be locked up for half or all my life. That Im going to do better and be able to do something with my life even if it kills me.

Please note that this sample paper on walmart is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on walmart, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on walmart will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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