Organic Chemistry

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The name organic chemistry, comes from the word organism. This is because prior to 188, because all organic compounds had only been obtained from organisms and their remains. Organic chemistry is the study of the properties of the compounds of carbon that are organic. Careers in chemistry include occupations in teaching, industry, and research.

There are millions of organic compounds including the food we eat (containing proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and lipids), skins and hides, feathers and furs, and the organisms in which they came from. Organic compounds also consist of synthetic and natural fibers, plastics, dyes and drugs, petroleum products, flavoring agents, as well as insecticides and herbicides.

Carbon has the ability to bond strongly together and with other nonmetal elements, allowing it to make many carbon compounds. Isomers are another reason why there are so many carbon compounds. Isomers are compounds with identical molecular composition but are arranged structurally different. Depending on their arrangement, isomers may have similar or different properties.

With the huge number of organic compounds, they are sorted into organic families distinguished by functional groups. Functional groups are small structural units within molecules at which most of the compounds chemical reactions occur. Alcohols and carboxylic acids are two of the most important families. Their functional groups distinguish them from the rest of the other types of organic compounds.

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Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that consist of only C and H atoms. They include the alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are flammable and insoluble in water. The alkanes are saturated organic compounds, or those with only single bonds. Unsaturated organic compounds are those which have double or triple bonds. These unsaturated organic compounds consist of hydrocarbons with double bonds making up the alkene family and hydrocarbons with triple bonds making up the alkyne family. Aromatic hydrocarbons are of, relating to, or containing one or more six-carbon rings characteristic of the benzene series and related organic groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene and the alkyl derivatives of benzene, a six sided ring drawn with alternating single and double bonds or with a circle in the middle.

Hydrocarbon derivatives are molecular compounds of carbon and at least one other element that is not hydrogen. Hydrocarbon derivatives include alcohols, alkyl halides, carboxylic acids and esters. Organic halides are organic compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms. Common organic halides include freons (chlorofluorocarbons) and Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene). When naming halides uses the same format as branched-chain hydrocarbons. The branch is named by shortening the halogen name to fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo- .

Alcohols have properties that can be explained by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a hydrocarbon chain. Short-chain alcohols are very soluble in water because they form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Alcohols are used as solvents in organic reactions because they are effective for both polar and non-polar compounds. To name alcohols, the e is dropped from the end of the alkane name and is replaced with ol. for example Methane = methanol.

The family of organic compounds, carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl functional group, -COOH, which includes both the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. Carboxylic acids are found in citrus fruits, and other foods with properties of having a sour taste. They also have distinctive odors. The molecules of carboxylic acids are polar and form hydrogen bonds both with each other and with water molecules.

To name carboxylic acids, replace the e ending of the alkane name with oic, followed by the word acid. When carboxylic acids undergo a condensation reaction, in which a carboxylic acid combines with another reactant, it forms two products an organic compound and water. Esterification is the condensation reaction in which a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol to produce ester and water (carboxylic acid + alcohol = ester + water).

Esters is a family of organic compounds that contain an oxygen atom bonded between two hydrocarbon groups, and have the general formula R1-O-R. To name esters, add oxy to the prefix for the smaller hydrocarbon group and join it to the alkane name of the larger hydrocarbon group. Esters have low solubility in water, low boiling points, and have no evidence of hydrogen bonding. Esters undergo chemical change only when treated with powerful reagents under vigorous conditions. Esters are formed by the condensation reaction of alcohols.

However, in contrast to organic chemistry, inorganic compounds and organic compounds are the exact opposite. While organic compounds always contain carbon, inorganic compounds are any compound that does not contain carbon.

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