Madonna paper/ research paper

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Who is Madonna? She has played such different parts, such as the virgin, the vixen, a whore, a loving mother and wife, with all of these how do we know who Madonna really is. She has been described as a "post modern icon." But when asked she says you say I still dont know Madonna, and good, because you will never know the real me. Ever. She is the main pop diva, the queen of controversy and a mother of reinvention. She is far more than an average celebrity. She has established herself as a gigantic figure not only to the world of popular entertainment, but in modern culture.

I walked into the Four Seasons Hotel bar in Los Angeles, California and Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone Richie was sitting waiting for me drinking a glass of Timothy Taylors real ale. She was exactly what I expected, she had a henna tattoo on her arm, a very non-hairdo look, minimal makeup and she was wearing a white sleeveless blouse and khaki capris. She was very welcoming to me with a big hug and friendly kiss on the cheek. I sat down and Madonna called the waitress over so I could order a drink and we started talking. I asked her how she started drinking ale. "Not many Americans drink it." I added. I didnt start drinking until I met Guy, hes been a wonderful influence on me." Madonna told me "I get drunk with him, Ive learned to love ale, its like Im one of those drunken English girls." She continued to tell me how nice it was actually be able to just sit down and have a drink. Guy and her life are now there children. They get up with them, eat breakfast, send Lourdes to school and plays with Rocco before he goes to daycare. One of them is always home with the kids for dinner. Has this "Material Girl" completely turned domestic?

It was such a beautiful day out, in Los Angeles, which got us talking about the weather that she doesnt miss from Michigan. Madonna was born in Bay City Michigan, but went to high school in Rochester, Michigan. She excelled in dance and drama throughout high school. "I missed the four seasons when I lived here, but now that I spend much time in England, Im reminded of the cold weather." Guy Richie and Madonna share a home in Beverly Hills and another in Dorset, England. She attended college at the University of Michigan, but then dropped out. "I used to copy dance from watching Shirley Temple on TV, then I used to offer dance lessons to my girlfriends. I remember the first boy I gave a lesson to, it was to the song "Honky Tonk Women" by the Stones, after that I decided that I needed to start to go pro about this" she told me. She then decided to move to New York City to study under a choreographer Alvin Ailey. I came to New York dreaming of becoming a professional dancer and somehow I fell into music. Everything following that was like, Oh my God! Whats happening to my life? You get caught up in that.Cheap College Papers on Madonna paper/ research paper

We left the Four Seasons and Madonna wanted to go do a little shopping on Melrose while we continued our conversation. I told her as I was growing up she was such an influence on me and to all my friends. So I asked if there was anyone that she looked up to as an icon, which Madonna is to many people now. Her answer was "I loved Carole Lombard, Judy Holliday and Marilyn Monroe. They were all just incredibly funny, they were silly, sweet, they were girls, and they were feminine and sexy. I just saw myself in then, my funniness and my need to boss people around and at the same time is taken care of. I remember Nancy Sinatra singing, "These Boots are Made for Walkin" and that made one hell of an impression on me. And when she said, "Are you ready boots, start walkin," it was like, yeah, give me some of those go-go boots. I want to walk on a few people." It didnt seem to Madonna that she agreed with how the public felt about her as an icon. She said I was never an icon, and I was also never a woman who acted in a political way, she states. Of course, I fought against the male domination, against a world ruled by men, but I never wanted to change the world and turn the male domination into a female domination. What I did, I did for myself. To free myself. I never really planned to be an idol for millions of women all over the planet, and I never saw men in general as the enemy. The enemies were people who tried to suppress me, oppressors in general. Im still fighting against them. I just do it in a different way. Way back when I was loud and I guess you could say I was obscene. Today I use the power of silence. The times have changed and the sexes are almost on equal footing now. That is another reason why I act different than 10 or 15 years ago. The times have changed and I have changed with them, obviously.

"What has kept you motivated throughout all these years?" I asked as we were walking into Mannequin (a clothing store on Melrose). "The biggest thing that keeps me going is continuing personal growth. With every album I release I make is new and I challenge myself more and more every time." She tells me "The parts that I play in movies, I want to show my improvements and each gets bigger. As I just said I am a very different person than I was 10 or 15 years ago and I think that is good because with every year I grow more. Everything that I done in those years is what has made me into the person I am today." Her family is also so important to her and she wants to keep succeeding for them. "My fans are also a major motivation. Without them I couldnt be where I am today. I have done some outrageous things in my life and my fans have supported me through it all and they still do in all the ways that I have changed."

I was really interested to find out what kind of image she thinks and wants to portray to the world. "I would say that my image to people is Im this brazen, aggressive women who has an OK voice with some pretty exciting songs, who wears what she wants and says what she wants to say and who has potential as an actress." She said. Madonna has always been someone who challenged the world, she recognized new trends and even made new trends before anybody else discovered or even thought about them. Its hard to imagine her quietly sitting back, but according to her, she has no desire to do so. I dont make plans anymore. Im a mother and wife, thats future enough for me, the rest will happen by itself, she says in a few words. However, I will always be somebody who rather acts than reacts. Maybe thats more exhausting and challenging, but its also more satisfying. I always was, and am still hungry for changes, for everything new, for the unknown. I dont want to stagnate, but I also dont want to force changes. I realized that I dont have limits, limits are always influences that come from outside, from people who dont believe in themselves and their abilities. I firmly believe in myself. I know that I can do whatever I want and that Ill always reach my goals!

We walked into a childrens clothing store where Madonna likes to get Lourdes and Rocco cute trendy kids clothes. Today Lourdes is spending the day with her father, Carlos Leon, "she is such a daddys girl". Madonna met Leon while she was on a walk in central park and they had a cup a coffee together. While Rocco is with his father and Madonnas "soul mate" as she puts it, Guy Richie. "It only took me 40 years to find my soul mate." She laughs while she says it. When I asked her if she knew that he was going to be the one for her at the beginning of the relationship she said "not at the beginning, I knew he was fearsome human being, and a great talent with a brilliant mind and all that stuff. But I just felt like there were too many problems. So I thought, well great, Ive just found a great friend." She finally saw beyond that because she didnt have the usual distractions of naive romance and lustful longings. The two met at a gathering hosted by Stings wife, Trudie Styler in 18. She says "The only reason that Guy came to the gathering was to meet her, so he defiantly had something on his mind." They were first seen together in 1 since she was still in a relationship with Andy Bird, who she never really liked. She has been connected with other men during her life; she was married to Sean Penn in 185 and ended because of his violent drinking behaviors three years later. On December , 000 Guy and Madonna got married at Skibo Castle in Scotland. My wedding was a great day, she says. A fairy tale. Last year Madonna and husband worked together on a remake of a 174 Italian classic Swept Away.

There are many other movies that she has been in during her life. "When I decided that I really wanted to establish myself as an actress the part of Eva Peron came about" This was a film version of Andrew Lloyd Webbers musical Evita. Madonna says "I saw myself in this part. We had so many parallels it was scary. We both were from big families; we both set off from small cities to large ones. I understood the courage it took to leave, when she left she was 15, when I left I was 17. I had two years on her. The struggle of trying to make something out of your life without help, without connections, without any real formal education or training, I can relate to those things, but if I never hear "Dont Cry for me Argentine" again, Ill be just fine." She laughs. Her movie career began with a minor role in a film called A Certain Sacrifice. Also, in 10, she starred with Warren Beatty in Dick Tracy.

Madonna told me as a 44-year old mother of two, she attributes much of her new attitude toward life to the study of ancient Jewish mysticism called Kabbalah, which is study of ancient texts, most notably the Zohar, a 1th-century commentary on the Torah. Kabbalah holds that God is made up of 10 emanations, which include compassion, strength, wisdom and grace. By studying them, humans can get closer to an unknowable God. She says "Its helped me to see that we are all extensions of each other, and that everything I say and do to people, Im doing to myself." Madonna is starting to send her daughter Lourdes at age 6 to learn the Kaballah.

Her newest project is she signed a deal with a publishing company to write five childrens book. The first is due out this September. When asked what started this decision to write these books, she says, "It is defiantly stemmed from having two children, Lourdes and Rocco, these are magical stories for children of all ages." The title of the first book will be "The English Roses." I was reminded that this is not her first venture to be an author in 1; she published "Sex" which was accompanied by great controversy because it featured X-rated photos of her and became a bestseller. "After the book came out there was a time when I could not open up a newspaper or magazine and not read something incredibly wounding about myself," she recalled

Madonna has obviously accomplished so much in her life and so many entertainers can only dream of doing what she has done and it is amazing to me that she isnt burned out or has decided to be done. She still has more that she wants to accomplish. She said, "Whenever Im around great works of art, whether thats a movie or a painting or some music just blows my mind, it just makes me want to do more. It fills me, and that is what we should all be doing for each other." She continued with other accomplishments that she wants to concur which are things such as directing, painting, doing more movies and never stop making music. "Im gonna get it all done. Believe me."

She starting telling me about her yoga obsession she says she finally easing up on her famed yoga intensity. I really pushed myself, she says of her seven-day-a-week obsession. (She now practices four days a week.) I couldve been a member of Cirque du Soleil. It got to the point where I didnt have a glass of wine and I had to go to bed early because everything was around my yoga. Which isnt to say that the she follows a macrobiotic diet, is any less disciplined. Toast is a splurge on a macrobiotic diet, she says. Since she at a guest appearance on NBCs Will and Grace this past April I was wondering what other TV shows she watches. "I never turned the show on before I agreed to appear on it. I dont have time for TV and surprise I have never seen American Idol." She surprised me with that, but even more surprising she told me that she is a fan of Eminem and Missy Elliot.

Speaking of music, Madonna has had eleven number 1s in the United States and she is still going. We stopped at The Coffee Bean on Melrose and Madonna got iced blended chai tea and we began to talk about her music. "How do you write your music? Do you sit in a studio or do you do it at home?" I asked. "I keep a pillow book, I jot things down, and dreams or poems or things Ive read in books. Or kind of diary-like entries, or Ill cut out articles from newspapers, anything that I want to remember. So, I keep this scrapbook, and a lot of times Ill go back and draw from an idea that Ive kept for a song. But generally, its music that kicks me into thinking a certain way or feeling a certain thing, and I rely heavily on the people that I collaborate with to inspire me lyrically. Believe it or not, Im at my most creative when Im standing at a microphone and the pressures on."

Madonnas first album was released in July of 18. She wasnt extremely happy with this album at first, she says "it seemed to be a rebound project for the producer Reggie Lucas, but in the end I was proud since I co-wrote five of the eight tracks on the album." The next album was "Like a virgin" which was released November 1, 184. She performed the song at the MTV music awards in 184 and this was everyones first taste of who Madonna was. "I remember I wore a knee length, white wedding dress, veil, bustier, a garter belt and plenty of clunky jewelry." She remembers "it was so fun, I crawled all over the stage seductively, playing right to the camera." This album became her first number 1 album. "At the beginning I was called everything from disco dolly to a one hit wonder." She said, "Everyone agreed that I was sexy, but no one would agree that I had talent, which really irritated me." I guess she really showed all those people. Her personal fortune is estimated at more than $00 million, she has changed her tune since her "Material Girl" years. Dont get me wrong. Its fabulous I have these beautiful homes and paintings, she says. But the most important thing in life is love. I know it sounds corny, but everybody knows its true.

Her newest video for her song "American Life" was suppose to be released and was delayed since "people saw the video as an anti-war statement and due to the volatile state of the world and out of sensitivity and respect to the armed forces, who I support and pray for, I do not want to risk offending anyone who might misinterpret the meaning of this video. It contained a strong anti-war theme and a finale showing me lobbing an explosive into the lap of a President Bush look-alike. She told me "I talked about the ideas for this video last November and had no idea wed be in the position were in right now. People have a bad habit of reviewing my work before theyve seen it, they also often misinterpret what I say and do." She believes that this is her most truthful record to day "I could say life put me on that path. I think I have had a number of revelations in the past few years. I think a lot of it has to do with studying of Kabbalah, which is essentially like cracking the codes of the universe it has to do with having family and growing up seeing life for what it is."

At 6 she was asked how she wants to see herself in thirty years and her answer was "Hopefully Ill be incredibly mellow and wise with age. Not mellow, but very wise and still just as mischievous and childlike and wondering as I am now" and I was wondering if she feels the that she is like that almost twenty years later. Her response was "I feel I have learned a lot throughout the years. I have defiantly mellowed out. I still try to be mischievous and childlike, but much of that comes out with my children."

As she said before there is still more that she wants to do and that she will get it all done so what is in store for us to see Madonna doing in the future? "Theres a

completely original musical I want to do, a bit of an extravaganza she told me "I still have more and more ideas for albums and we will see what else." "How about more children?" I asked since there has been a rumor that she is pregnant. Madonna has kept both her pregnancies till the sixth month. "I think that we both want another, but we have to see what is happening in our lives and what projects we are doing. We dont want to be to busy so we cant give another child the time that we get to give Lourdes and Rocco."

Madonna has changed so much since she started her career. We went into Tower records and were looking at some of her old album covers and they defiantly show these changes. "I often look back at old photographs and think someone should have arrested me, someone should have stopped me from doing my hair that way." So I asked her if she had any regrets and her answer was "Je ne regrette rien!" Translation I regret nothing. "In the beginning of my career, I just did whatever I wanted to do and if it made me feel good, if it was fun, that was cool. Now I feel like everything we do affects society in a potent way. I feel a sense of responsibility because my consciousness has been raised."

Madonna had her driver pick us up and we went back to the Four Seasons so I could be dropped off. We said goodbye and I told her I look forward to see what she will be doing next. "Dont worry Im sure there will be something big in the news about me soon." She said laughing. Madonna has accomplished the near impossible. For the past 0 years, she has managed to remain consistently compelling to her community. More than any other diva to which we have ever pledged loyalty, she has earned our unyielding affection and not merely because she wears hot clothes or has a larger-than-life presence. We connect with her apparent constant bravery as well as the fact that she openly infused happy sensibilities into her work long before it became a trendy or savvy mainstream move. We may occasionally crave for the familiarity and simplicity of early hits like "Like a Virgin or Express Yourself, but we have a wanting for everything that she offer. We cannot wait to see where she will go next.

A GEO Exclusive Interview with Madonna

Carly Leipsitz

News & Public Affairs (444)

Department of Communication

10 W. Michigan Ave.

Western Michigan University

Kalamazoo, MI 4008

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Taraborrelli, Randy J. (00). Madonna A Intimate Biography.

New York. Simon and Schuster Inc.

Morton, Andrew. (001). Madonna. New York. St. Martins Press.

Faith, Karlene. (17). Madonna, Bawdy & Soul. Toronto.

University of Toronto Press.

Sischy, Ingrid. (001, March). Madonna Exclusive.

Interview Magazine. P.155

Wilkinson, Peter. (17, January). Madonna on Life Before and After Motherhood.

Redbook. P.58.

Walters, Barry. (18, July/August). Madonna. Not so material anymore.

Grammy Magazine. P. 4-47.

Tauber, Michelle. (00, April 8). Madonnas real life The pop icon has turned into a

Doting mom and devoted wife. But shes still making waves. People Weekly.

P. 4

Flick, Larry. (00, April 15). All- American girl Madonnas latest CD makes a

Fascinating exploration of her own complicated American Life. The Advocate.

P. 6

Tucker, Ken. (00, April 5). Truth and Daring Its not everyones American Life, but

Madonnas latest does offer compelling insights into living in a material world.

Entertainment Weekly. P. 147

Tyrangiel, Josh. (00, April 8). This American Life; On her new CD, Madonna

Lectures on the crises of modern life. Her personal crisis is more compelling.

Time, P. 7

The Study of Madonna. (00) www.studyofmadonna.com.

[Retrieved on May 7, 00]

Madonnas Official Website. (00) www.madonnamusic.com.

[Retrieved on May 7, 00]

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Good to Evil

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In William Goldings Lord of the Flies, a group of well brought up British boys, get stranded on a deserted island. This bokk shows that even the most civil people are shown to become hateful towards the people who try to keep order, create chaos and act savagely. In fact, by comparing Jack and Ralphs leadership styles, level of violence, and how they have changed, it becomes evidently clear that without order and direction we are no better off then the animals.

From the beginning of the book Jack and Ralphs leadership styles were very different. Jacks first instinct told him that they needed to hunt. ""The choir belongs to you, of course.""They could be an army- "Or hunters-"(5). Before Jack even knows weather or not there was anything to hunt, Jack wants to give his choir to Ralph so they could be hunters. Jack doesnt care what he might be

hunting and killing, he just wants to kill something. Jack has a more vulgare leadership style.

Unlike Jack Ralphs first instinct was to find away to be rescued and get off the island. " "We can

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help them find us. If a ship comes near the island they may not notice us. So we must make

smoke on top of the mountain. We must make a fire."" Ralph has a more civil idea then Jack.

Ralph wants to get off the island, and he is trying to find away to help people to find them. Ralph

doesnt want to stay on the island and hunt, he wants to get off and go home. Jack and Ralphs

leadership styles are completely different right from the beginning. Jack is wanting to act more

savagely and Ralph is using a little more logic.

Later, Jacks level of violence sky rockets, and Jack is completely transformed into a

savage. "He heard a curious trickling sound and then a louder crepitation as if someone were

unwrapping great sheets of cellophane. A stick snapped and he stifled a cough. Smoke was

seeping through the branches in white and yellow wisps, the patch of blue sky over head turned

to the colour of a storm cloud, and then the smoke billowed round him." Jack tried to smoke

Ralph out of the thicket which he had crawled into to avoid being killed by Jack and his tribe.

Jacks plan caused the entire island to go up in flames. Jack caught the hole island on fire to kill

Ralph. Ralph does break and acts violently in the book. Jack participates in the murder of Simon.

""Piggy"."

"Uh?"

"That was Simon."

"You said that before."

"Piggy."

"Uh?"

"That was murder."

"You stop it! What good are you doing talking like that?" [Piggy] jumped to his feet and stood

over Ralph.

"It was dark. There was that- that bloody dance. There was lightning and rain. We was scared!"

"I wasnt scared,"Ralph said slowly, "I was- I dont know what I was" (17-17)

The savage came out of Ralph and unlike Jack Ralph had realized what was happening to them.

He faced the reality of them all turning into savages because they have no rules, they have no

order and no direction to tell them what is right and what is wrong.

Finally, by the end of the novel Jack and Ralph show how much they have changed. Jack

has changed from a young British boy who was respected by his choir. He had slightly violent

tendances like stabbing the tree but was still to civil to kill a pig. ""[I hesitated because] I was

choosing a place, I was just waiting for a moment to decide where to stab him."" Jack was still to

civil in the beginning of the book to kill the pig without any emotion or thought. Then when he

tells the tribe he becomes upset and stabbed the tree trunk aggressively.

""We saw-"

"Squealing-"

"It broke away-"

"Before I could kill it-but-next time!"

Ralph slammed his knife into a trunk and looked around challengingly""(6).

Jack became angry when he didnt succeed in killing the pig and showed a more violent side. But

by the end of the novel Jack was completely transformed into a savage who was willing to kill

Ralph just because he disliked him. ""[Jack and his tribe] hate you, Ralph. Theyre going to hunt

you tomorrow "(08). The twins Samneric warn Ralph that Jack is planning to hunt him like hes

a pig. Unlike jack Ralph has changed for the better. Ralph matured throughout the novel. In the

beginning Ralph was carefree and lived in a fantasy world. ""[My dads] a commander in the

navy. When he gets leave hell come and rescue us"

"When will your father rescue us?"

"Soon as he can."

"How does he know were here?" Because, thought Ralph because, because"(14). Ralph was a

real optimist and hoped for the best and didnt base anything on facts. He thought everything

would work out fine. As the novel progressed Ralph matured and started using logic. Ralph

shows his maturity when he wants to clean up to go talk to Jack about Piggys stolen glass.

""Hell be painted."

"Well we wont be painted, because we arent savages""(11). Ralph does not want to be painted

because he wants to remind Jack that they are not savages. Without order and direction Jack

became savage and while Ralph remained civil he was disliked by the boys for trying to keep

order on the island.

In conclusion, a group of well brought up British boys lost all to most of there sense of

right and wrong with out having order and direction, and for the ones who still tried to keep order

and direction in there lives were outcast by the boys who became savage like. Without order and

direction the boys in this novel changed into animals.

Please note that this sample paper on Good to Evil is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Good to Evil, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Good to Evil will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Analyse the impact of globalisation on the economic development and standard of living in an economy other than Australia.

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Globalisation is the progressive integration of national economies, leading to the removal of both natural and artificial barriers to the movement of goods, services, resources and finance between nations. The process of globalisation involves economic integration, world trade and financial flows, the increasing spread of technology, the growth of financial markets and products, the different directions of flow of investment portfolio and direct investment, and the movement of labour resources between countries. Different nations have been affected in different ways by globalisation, depending on their degree of development and the extent to which they are open to the flows of the world economy.

The growth of the global economy has increased the opportunity for investment by breaking down national boundaries. This has facilitated the worldwide introduction of new technology, although technology has spread at different rates in different regions.

Workers move between countries to find better employment opportunities. The numbers involved are still quite small, but in the period 165-0 the foreign-born proportion of labour forces worldwide increased by about one-half. Most immigration occurs between developing countries.

Increased globalisation, facilitated by a reduction in trade protection and increased financial deregulation, has meant that changes in trade and financial flows can have significant effects on a national economy. As a result many countries have become export focused and now rely upon foreign funds to finance economic expansion. This has also meant that national governments must consider to a much greater extent the international consequences of domestic economic policy.

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Trade occurs between countries, as it is beneficial for both countries. It is beneficial because of the differences in the distribution of resources between nations. A countries combination of resources or factor endowments (land, labour, capital and enterprise), allow a particular country to produce certain goods more efficiently and effectively than other countries can. These differences mean that it is in the interest of a country to specialise in the production of goods and services in which it is efficient. Trading of its surpluses for goods and service for which it does not produce as efficiently allows that country to enjoy a greater variety of these than would otherwise be possible.

Comparative advantage is based on the relative efficiency of production and is a state where each country benefits from trade by specialising in the production of goods and services, which allow the most efficient use of resources. Comparative advantage uses the concept of opportunity cost in production where if a country can produce a good with greater comparative efficiency as measured by opportunity cost it should specialise and engage in trade. As both countries are using their resources more efficiently, trade will lead to higher standard of living than would be otherwise possible. This is compared to absolute advantage where a country would have an absolute advantage in the production of a good when it can produce more of that good with a given amount of resources than another country.

Protection which is undertaken by the government is design to prevent free trade. This can be done to protect infant industries, ensure there are employment opportunities in the domestic economy, prevent dumping, reduce a countries dependency on foreign producers and limit the level of the trade deficit. Protection is needed in Australia as Australian workers cannot compete against low-wage countries without suffering a reduction in wage rates. Also if one country resorts to protection another country may retaliate, with the original country losing an export market and suffering increased domestic unemployment. Methods of protection include tariffs, subsidies, quotas and embargoes.

A tariff is a tax imposed by the government on imported goods. Tariffs make the imported item more expensive and therefore less competitive with the locally produced item. Tariffs raise revenue for the government and cause resources to be reallocated from efficient industries to inefficient and uncompetitive industries. Through the introduction of a tariff, there is a redistribution of income away from consumers and importers towards domestic producers and the government.

A quota is legally imposed to control the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country over a given period of time. For some products there is a quota tender system whereby importers pay the government for new quotas. Quotas on imports are often more effective in providing protection for domestic producers than tariffs because once the import quota has been filled further imports are prohibited, and producers are guaranteed a share of the domestic market.

Globalisation can be said to have been beneficial by increasing economic growth, living standards and general economic conditions. It can also be argued that globalisation has increased the level of inequality between nations and within nations. This can be said to have been responsible for increased unemployment and the reduction of living standards in developing countries.

Standard of living is the general level of material well-being of people in a country. There are two main ways of measuring variations in standard of living. These are Income and Quality of Life Indicators, and Human Development Index (HDI).

HDI measures the welfare rather than exclusively the economic living standards of economic development. It takes into account life expectancy at birth, levels of educational attainment and gross domestic product per capita. The HDI is a score between 0 for nations with no human development and 1 for maximum human development.

World development and quality of life indicators are based on development indicators, which include infant mortality rate, energy consumption, calories per day, adult literacy rate etc.

Economic growth is the increasing ability of a country to satisfy the material wants of its people over a period of time, usually one year. It is measured by Gross National Product (GNP) which is the total added from domestic and foreign sources in a country and includes Gross Domestic Product (GDP) plus net receipts of primary income from non-resident sources. Economic growth leads to an outward shift in the economys production possibility curve enabling greater national output, material welfare and rise in living standards.

China is a newly industrialised country (NIC) as it is experiencing rapid increases in manufacturing and economic growth. This increase was sudden in the last quarter of the twentieth century, to begin leaping across the development gap between developing countries and high income countries. With a population of 1. billion people, which is % of the worlds population, what happens in China tends to affect the rest of the world.

On the 11th December 001 China joined the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Members of the organisation receive the benefits of having access to the markets of fellow members and bear the costs of opening their own domestic markets to foreign competitors. The conditions for China to have entered the WTO included (1) the lowering of tariffs on imports, () permitting foreign firms to sell directly in Chinese domestic markets, and () the opening of the telecommunication and finance sectors to more foreign competition. China agreed to lower its tariffs on agricultural products from 1.5% to 14.5% overall by January 004. Tariffs on industrial products would be lowered by 5% to 17% in a period of 5 years. Foreign manufacturers would be able to sell their products directly to domestic consumers without having to go through Chinese trade organisations. China also agreed to open its service industries. Foreign investors would be able to own 40% of the shares in commercial companies, to increase to 50% two years after joining WTO. Foreign firms would be able to hold minority shares in securities fund management joint ventures, at % initially and increasing to 4% three years after joining.

Premier Zhu Rongjis main motivation for promoting Chinas entry into the WTO was to use foreign competition to speed up economic reform in both the industrial and service sectors.

The lowering of tariffs would lead to an increase in the imports of both agricultural and industrial products for consumers. The prices of these products are expected to decline and the quality of the products would improve, both to the benefits of Chinese consumers. Competition will force Chinese producers to lower their prices and improve the quality of their products. Those firms that cannot compete will have to adjust, some possibly going bankrupt. Foreign manufacturers operating in China will also provide competition, with effects similar to those of lowering tariffs on imports. As a result of this globalisation local foreign producers have the advantages over importers of being able to use the low-cost labour in China and saving the cost of transporting the final products to China.

China is also committed to reducing non-tariff barriers on imports. Over the next five years, it will replace import licensing and tariff-rate quotas, which provide guaranteed access for a set volume of imports at a relatively low cost. It will also dismantle internal protectionism, which in the past has been a challenge since barriers have been widely erected to favour local products.

Since WTO membership requires China to lower tariffs on agricultural and manufactured products and allows foreign firms to enter Chinas manufacturing and selected service sectors, there will be structural changes in Chinas economy. Structural changes include changes in the relative importance of different industrial sectors and of state versus nonstate sectors. From this is could be expected a relative decline of the agricultural sectors and the relative increase in importance of certain sectors dealing with financial services and telecommunications. Also a decline in the state sector could be expected compared with the nonstate sectors and a possible increase in the efficiency of Chinese enterprises as tariffs are lowered, foreign firms enter the Chinese market, and they are subjected to more foreign competition. Firms that fail to compete will have to find ways to downsize, to reorganise or to adopt new technology and new ways of management to survive.

Chinas economy was essentially a closed economy before the economic reform. In 178, the total volume of its foreign trade amounted to only 7% of its national income. Dengs open-door policy encouraged the opening of China to foreign imports and the promotion of exports. By 178, the volume of foreign trade has increased to 5% and by 18 to 7% of gross domestic product.

Foreign trade (total imports plus exports) increased from $US115.4 billion in 10 to $US. billion in 18. To account for the total volume of trade in 1, Chinas main trading partners were Japan (57. billion), the United States (54. billion), Hong Kong (45.4 billion), Korea (1. billion), Taiwan (0.5 billion), Germany (14. billion), and Europe (58.7 billion). Chinas imports grew 1.% between January and July 00 to $US155.6 billion below the 16.% growth in exports to $US171. billion. Manufactured goods accounted for 16. billion of the 18.8 billion of total exports in 1. As a result of globalisation manufactured goods such as textiles, clothing, shoes, toys, sports goods, and tools that are found in stores in the United States.

As of 180 China had established trade relations with more than 170 counties and regions and had signed bilateral trade agreements or protocols with more than 80 of them. This change must have resulted from the realisation among Chinese leaders of the gain to be achieved from international trade. The exports of goods and services grow by 1% from 180-18.

Foreign investment, the second component of the open-door policy, was promoted through the opening of different regions of China. In 18 the Shenzhen economic zone bordering Hong Kong was created. Infrastructure was built. Foreign investors could set up factories there to take advantage of the inexpensive and skilled labour and pay them at market-determined wage rates different from the rates in other parts of China.

Attracting foreign investment is a main motivation of Dangs open-door policy. This policy was a complete turn around form the thinking of the Chinese Communist party that foreign capitalists came to China to exploit the Chinese people. Exploitation takes the form of using cheap Chinese labour and extracting Chinese natural resources at low prices. Foreign investors take over Chinese land to set up their business. Foreign factories pollute the physical environment of China. Foreign businesses make money from the Chinese people. The sale of their goods drives out domestically produced goods in Chinese markets. Human rights advocates complain that capitalist investors exploit cheap labourers in developing countries, although the wages are quite a bit higher than most domestic wages in those countries. Buying the right to dispose of waste on the cheaper land of developing countries is considered immoral and so is polluting the environment.

Considering all these negatives of the affects of globalisation the Chinese government sees it as beneficial to China if it is properly regulated. It sees foreign investment as an important part for Chinas modernisation and economic development. It has encouraged foreign investment by setting up special economic zones and opening 14 cities. Foreign investment has provided to China capital, new technology, managerial skills, and training for labour. It has also provided competition in the domestic market, and competition has forced domestic enterprises to become more efficient. Chinas entry into the WTO makes Chinas door even more open. Both foreign investment and foreign trade are expected to increase because of it. Foreign firms will begin to penetrate Chinas financial and telecommunications sectors. Trade will increase in both directions. The Chinese government has committed to lowering tariffs on both agricultural and industrial products, which will lead to an increase in imports. Chinese exports will also increase because Chinese goods will have better access to world markets open to members of the WTO.

As the Chinese economy expanded, investors saw the potential of a large Chinese domestic market. Foreign investment grew rapidly. Foreign direct investment grew from $US.487 billion in 10 to $US 45.46 billion in 18. Other foreign investment grew from $US0.68 billion in 10 to $US .04 billion in 18. In 1 China ranked third in attracting foreign direct investment among all the counties and regions in the world.

The Chinese government is eager to build infrastructure, including highways, ports, telecommunication systems, etc., that require capital and modern technology which can be supplied by foreign investment. Chinese state enterprises are also looking for foreign partners to upgrade their technology, management, labour, and marketing abilities. Many foreign investors know about these needs and have taken advantage of such opportunities. The Chinese consumer markets are being opened wider as import quotas and tariffs are being reduced, partly as a result of the Chinese governments desire to join APEC and the WTO, and partly as a result of the rapid increase in Chinas reserves in hard currencies which can be spent to increase imports. Besides selling to the Chinese market, foreign companies also take advantage of the cheap and skilled labour in China to produce exports. To take advantage of economic globalisation opportunities in China, investors have to deal with the Chinese bureaucracy in the bureaucratic market economy.

The objectives of the Peoples Bank are to formulate and carry out monetary policy, improve macroeconomic regulation, and exercises control over financial enterprises and markets. The objectives of monetary policy are to stabilise the value of the currency and in so doing promote economic growth. The Peoples Bank is to determine the quantity of money supply, the rates of interest, the exchange rate and related matters subject to the approval of the State Council. The instruments for the conduct of monetary policy include (1) setting reserve requirements for financial institutions, () setting the central banks base interest rate, () rediscounting for financial institutions which have established accounts in the Peoples Bank, (4) providing loans to the commercial banks, (5) buying and selling government bonds, bonds issued by government units, and foreign exchange, and (6) other instruments as determined by the State council. The exchange rate stays in a tight range of 8.76 to 8.8 yuan to the US dollar. For the government whose priority is to find work for 1-15 million people joining the job market each year, the benefits of a stable exchange rate is a great asset.

China was affected by the Asian financial crisis in July 17 but only to a moderate extent. Economic growth was slower. At this time it would have probably been more beneficial for the Peoples Bank to exercise a more expansionary monetary policy by increasing credit and the money supply more rapidly. The Chinese government was trying to raise aggregate demand following the financial crisis by increasing expenditure on the building of infrastructure. Instead of financing expenditure by issuing bonds, the government could have financed some of the projects by issuing more money, or non-interest baring government debt.

Fiscal policy consists mainly of setting the amount of government expenditure given the level of government revenue, which is determined by the tax structure and the economic conditions. A need for fiscal policy has developed since economic planning became less important and market forces were allowed to determine aggregate output. The Chinese Government has previously signalled its intention to maintain the fiscal stimulus it has been using to strengthen the countrys economic growth rate over the past few years.

For China to have economic growth it needs to maintain an annual GDP growth rate above 7% to create jobs for the tens of millions of new jobseekers who enter the labour force every year. Between 10-8 China showed an average real GDP growth of 11.1% this was one of the highest in the world at the time. Chinas GNP per capita was $US 105 in 15.

China had a Human Development Index (HDI) ranking of 8 in the world in 17 out of 174 countries. Its HDI was at 0.701. In the 0 Provinces rankings ranged from the highest HDI value in 15 with Shanghai at 0.885 to the lowest ranking in Tibet with 0.1. Chinas life expectancy in 17 was 6.8 years. This ranged from 75. years in Shanghai to 5.8 years in Tibet. Chinas adult literacy rate was 8.% in 17. Out of the provinces Beijing had the highest with .1% and Tibet the lowest at only 8.5%. Chinas Real GDP per capita (PPP $US) was ,10 in 17. This ranged from 10,01 in Shanghai to 1,11 in Guizhou.

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