Police Power

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Police Power. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Police Power paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Police Power, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Police Power paper at affordable prices!

Police Power

•The police must respect individuals civil rights.

•People are entitled to be allowed to move freely and to have their person and their property respected. However, there must be sufficient powers for the police to investigate crime.

•Parliament gave them special powers which can be used in certain circumstances.Custom writing service can write essays on Police Power

•Includes right to stop and search them, to arrest and interview people when necessary and to take fingerprints and samples (blood) for scientific analysis.

•Law on police powers Police and Criminal Evidence (PACE) Act 184.

•Five codes

1.Code A Powers to stop and search.

.Code B Powers to search premises and seize property.

.Code C Detention, treatment and questioning of suspects.

4.Code D Rules for identification procedures.

5.Code E Tape-recording of interviews with suspects.

Serious arrestable offences

Automatically considered as 'serious arrrestable offences Section 116 PACE treason, murder, manslaughter, rape, other serious sexual offences, hijacking, kidnapping, hostagetaking, drug trafficking, some firearms offences and causing explosion likely to endanger life and property, offences lead to serious consequences such as serious harm to the state or public order, death, serious injury, substantial financial gain or serious financial loss.

Power of arrest

Without a warrant

Section 4 PACE

1.Power of arrest police and private.

.Arrestable offence

•Offence sentence is fixed by law.

•Offence max sentence given to an adult is at least five years imprisonment. Not that max sentence will be given, merely that the max sentence is five years or more.

•Offence which Parliament has specifically made an arrestable offence. Max sentence is six months imprisonment.

.Arrestable by police and private citizens

•Who is in the act of committing an arrestable offence.

•Who he has reasonable grounds for suspecting to be committing an arrestable offence.

•Who has committed.

•Where an arrestable offence has been committed, anyone whom he has reasonable grounds for suspecting to be guilty (even if he didnt do it).

4.Arrestable by police only

•Who is about to commit.

•Whom he has reasonable grounds for suspecting to be about to commit.

•Reasonable grounds for suspecting that an arrestable offence has been committed (even if no offence has been committed).

•Reasonable grounds for suspecting the person arrested.

5.No matter how suspicious the suspect is, private citizens cannot lawfully carry out an arrest.

6.R V Self (1)

Off-duty policeman was suspected of theft by a store detective when the officer was seen to pick up a bar of chocolate in the shop and leave without paying. The store detective helped by another person arrested the police officer by catching hold of him. The officer struggled to get free, kicking the two. He was charged with theft and assault with intent to resist arrest. At the trial, he was acquitted of the theft but convicted of the assaults. Court of Appeal he held that the offence of theft had not been proved, no arrestable offence and so the arrest was not lawful. In view of this he could not be guilty of assault with intent to resist arrest since a person is entitled to resist and unlawful attempt to arrest them.

Section 5 PACE

1.Power of arrest police only.

.Any offence

•Suspects name and address cannot be discovered.

•Reasonable grounds for believing that the name and address given by the suspect are false.

.Necessary to prevent suspects who committed non-arrestable offences that refuse to co-operate with police run off.

4.Also implied to offence

•Physical injury to himself and others.

•Suffering physical injury (suicide attempts).

•Causing loss of or damage to property.

•Committing an offence against public decency.

•Causing an unlawful obstruction of the highway.

•Children child abuse.

•Other vulnerable person.

1.Section 46A PACE - Police to arrest without a warrant anyone who having been release on police bail, fails to attend at the attend at the police station at the set time.

.The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 14 Police t arrest variety of new offences including collective and aggravated trespass, in connection with offences committed in preparing for or attending a 'rave, or intentional harassment.

.Common Law Arrest when there has been, or is likely to be a breach of peace.

1.McConnell v Chief Constable of the Greater Manchester Police (10)

Manager of carpet store had asked McConnell to leave but he refused. A police officer had then taken McConnell outside but McConnell attempted to reenter, so he was arrested for conduct whereby a breach of peace might be occasioned. McConnell sued the police for false imprisonment arguing that the arrest was unlawful as a breach of the peace could not occur on private premises. Court of Appeal held that the arrest was lawful.

.Bibby v Chief Constable of Essex Police (000)

Court of Appeal summarized the conditions for common law power

ɨSufficiently obvious, real threat to the peace.

ɨThreat must come from the person to be arrested.

ɨConduct must clearly interfere with the rights of others and its natural consequences must be 'not wholly unreasonable violence from a third party

ɨConduct must be unreasonable.

Arrest with a warrant

1.The person is not co-operative / difficult to arrest.

.Warrant issued by magistrate by virtue of section 1 of Magistrates Court Act 180.

.Requires written information, supported by evidence on oath showing that a person has committed or suspected of committing.

4.Granted if the offence involved is a punishable by imprisonment. Not granted if it is punishable by fine.

Manner of arrest

1.Tell the person arrested that they are under arrest and the reason.

.``1No set form of words.

.May use reasonable force.

4.Criminal Justice Act 167 s. covers other arrests.

The right to search an arrested person

1.Search that person for anything which might be used to help an escape / evidence relating to the offence.

.Extent

•Public Requires suspect to remove outer coat, jacket and gloves only.

•Private Intimate / strip search allowed.

Powers of detention

1.Most offences

Arrest  Detained 4 hours.

.Serious arrestable offences

Arrest  Detained 6 hours  Max 6 hours (Apply for permission from Magistrates Court).

.At the initial period, detainee should be either charged or released.

4.When arrested, detainee permitted to legal representation. Can oppose application for extension of detention with valid grounds.

5.Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 18

6.Arrest  Detained 48 hours  5 days (Permission from Home Secretary).

7.Whilst in detention Custody officer will have to review 6 hours after the detention intervals hours to ensure that there are grounds for continuing the detention or order an immediate release must record all events that occur, visits to cell, interviews.

Rights of a detained person.

Told their rights by the custody officer.

1.The right to have someone informed of the arrest

•Section 56 PACE

•The arrested person can nominate any friend, relative or any other person who they think is likely to be interested in their welfare.

•Person nominated by detainee must be told of the arrest and where there person is being held.

•Immediately but in serious arrestable offence cases, senior police officer may authorize that there be a delay up to 6 hours reasonable grounds for believing that telling the named person will lead to interference; harm to evidence or other person,.

•Code C PACE allowed to speak on the telephone 'for reasonable time to one person.

•Under 18, police must contact a person 'responsible for his welfare and inform the arrest.

.The right to legal advice.

•Section 58 PACE

•Detainee may either contact their own solicitor or they can use the system of duty solicitors which is provided free for anyone under arrest.

•When authorizing the detention, custody officer must get suspect to sign the custody records and said that whether he / she wishes to have legal advice.

•Posters 'prominently displayed advertising the right to free legal advice.

•Also told orally by custody officer.

•Possible for senior police officer to authorize a delay to a suspects right to see a solicitor serious arrestable offence to 6 hours reasonable grounds for believing that giving access to a solicitor will lead to interference, harm to evidence and others.

•Rare occasions that such delay was justified, must based on specific aspects of the case, not a general assumption that access to solicitor might lead to the alerting of accomplices.

•R v Samuel (188) Man, 4 mother had been informed that son was under arrest some hours before he was refused access to a solicitor. Court of Appeal felt that if anyone was likely to be alerted then it would already have happened, that there was no reason to deny Samuel his 'fundamental freedom of consulting a solicitor. His final interview had taken place after his solicitor had been refused access, the evidence was inadmissible in court. Samuel was not convicted with robbery.

.Allowed to consult the code of practice.

Powers to stop and search

1.Sections 1 to 7 PACE vehicles and people.

.Public place not only means in the street, but also extends to areas such as pubs, car parks and even private gardens, if the police officers has good reasons for believing that suspect does not live at that address.

.Must have reasonable grounds for suspecting that the person is in possession of (or the vehicle contains) stolen goods or prohibited articles.

4.Prohibited articles offensive weapons and articles for use in connection with burglary or theft.

5.Give his name and station and the reason for the search.

6.Osman v DPP (1) Officers did not give their names and station. QBD Court held the search of Mr Osman unlawful. He could not be guilty of assaulting the police in the execution of their duty. Police must make a written report immediately.

7.Home Office statistics show the increasing use of the power to stop and search.

8.Code A Contains details and guidance on when these powers should be used. Stresses that police must not act just because of a persons characteristics (Paragraph 1.7).

Other powers to stop and search.

Misuse of Drugs Act 171 Police search for controlled drugs.

Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 18 To stop and search where there is reasonable suspicion of involvement in terrorism.

Section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 14 Additional power of the right to stop and search in anticipation of violence only when authorized by a senior police officer who reasonably believes that serious violence may take place in any locality in his area. Once it has been authorized, a police officer acting under it does not have to have reasonable suspicion about the individual he stops.

Section 60(5) A constable in the exercise of those powers, stop any person or vehicle and make any search he thinks fit whether or not he has any grounds for suspecting that the person or vehicle is carrying weapons or dangerous articles.

Infringement of civil liberties Rights to stop and search without any reason to suspect the individual who is stopped. Such rights are at least, of limited duration as the senior police officer authorizing stop and search powers can only do so for a period of 4 hours.

Please note that this sample paper on Police Power is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Police Power, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Police Power will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Supply and demand

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on supply and demand. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality supply and demand paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in supply and demand, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your supply and demand paper at affordable prices!

As we all know, there exists a great confusion around the world. Speculations about a possible war are being more sound every day. Fear and desperation are invading our minds and creating chaos everywhere. We are all being affected in so many ways meaning emotionally, spiritually and physically; but not being enough this uncertainty is also having awful effects on economy.

A good example of these devastating effects is the tension being felt by airlines. They are going through though times. They were slowly recuperating from losses over $10 billion caused by the incident occurred on September 11. When people started to loose trust on air transportation and even began to fear it. Now by facing a possible war, travel demand has dropped sharply, people are not willing to risk their lives by air traveling. Therefore airlines have been reducing their work force (supply).

Costs as well have gone up for airlines. The increase on the price of jet fuel has doubled from last year. This affects the industry severely, for the increase of one penny per gallon, the costs are estimated of $180 million annually. Cost of security has increased as well, since they have acquired more sophisticated technology to prevent catastrophic situations like it is hijacking.Order College Papers on supply and demand

This article could be seen as an example on the matters of supply and demand. It shows how the unwillingness of people to air travel decreases demand. This unwillingness could be a result from different reasons such as consumers income, future expectations on prices, bad advertising, or simply lack of interest on the subject; but in this case it is mostly product of one concern Fear. If people do not want to travel then prices will have to be adjusted to reach a new equilibrium point, at which quantity demanded would meet equally quantity supplied.

In the other hand talking about supply, firms are dealing with huge remarking problems. Not only costs for them have increased, but also there have been less booking for travel that caused monetary losses, obligating them cut down jobs. Unemployment will have an effect too, if households that obtain income from supplying labor to the factor market, which as well sells their services to the firms, loose their job. They will be even less likely to travel (product market) not having the enough money to do so. This could lead to bankruptcy of some financially fragile carriers or even liquidation.

Government also plays an important roll, whatever it decides to do will have a direct effect. If there is war all this losses will take effect. It also regulates security for these industries and determines procedures for them.

In conclusion there is many disadvantages generated by war and it has not even started. Yet, we are not even sure if this will take place. But one thing we should remember, noble reasons are good to fight for

Please note that this sample paper on supply and demand is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on supply and demand, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on supply and demand will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Stress

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Stress. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Stress paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Stress, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Stress paper at affordable prices!

Handling Stress

#

This essay is about handling the stress of University studies. We will be looking into many ideas and different people¹s views on how to handle stress. I will also be giving my own opinions on how I think stress can be controlled or relieved. The first thing we must do is ask ourselves one very important question, ³what is stress²? Order Custom Essay on Stress

WHAT IS STRESS?

According to an Australian born physician, Hans Selye (17), stress is the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it. The body responds in many ways. One is to the loss of blood and the other is to the lack of sleep. Both of these are nonspecific responses, however all demands made on the body evoke generalised, nonspecific responses. For example, they all unable you to concentrate as would normally be expected, they activate one¹s sympathetic nervous system, and they also increase the amount of the hormone epinephrine that is being released into your body. When people say they¹ve been under going alot of stress they are usually referring to a couple of unpleasant experiences. Now that we have an idea on what stress is the next question we should ask ourselves is ³what is or can cause stress².

CAUSES OF STRESS

There are many different things that cause stress. One may be if you have a big term paper due and you want to do your best to impress your seminar leader. Another may be peer or family related. All in all it is things, events, situations, and people that cause stress. It is how we perceive them that will determine whether or not stress will be a result from the encounter. Not only negative situations are the cause of stress. Joy and happiness can also cause stress even though they are positive. In a sense, it is we then who choose our own stressors. Selye noted that with the absence of stress there is death. Current researchers are also discovering that too little stress may be a major cause of depression or boredom. It is therefore up to us to choose the best

Handling Stress

#

stressors and the optimal level of stress. Since we have now begun to understand the definition of stress as well as the causes we now ask ourselves ³what can I do to control my stress²?

CONTROLLING STRESS

There have been many studies done on the managements of stress. One group of researchers found out that many university students tended to gain weight their first year away from home. These ³students stated they overate in response to the many life-style changes and varying stresses of the university environment (Journal of College Student Personnel)². This group of students were placed in stress management sessions. These sessions included overall stress assessment, assertiveness training, time management, exploration of stressful thoughts or belief systems, and life-style and stress reducers. The main focus of these sessions were a) how to manage stress by using things other than food and b) how to apply stress management principles to the amount of food you take in. The majority of these students found better ways to manage or control their stress by using more healthful outlets, such as walking or taking up a sport.

During the last twenty years disease prevention and health promotion have been found to be related to the development of healthy life-style behaviour and the management of stress. The course entitled ³ Psychology and the Management of Stress Theory and Application² (Personnel and Guidance Journal), has been set up to a) acquaint students with theory and research related to stress management techniques b) to provide guidance and information about diet, physical exercise, and other matters of a healthy life-style and c) to provide an opportunity for students to learn and practice how to apply stress management to their present lives. Each

Handling Stress

# course is developed around four dimensions. Two of these are, ³the influences of diet, physical exercise, and alcohol, drug, and cigarette use on stress and physical health², and ³principles related to effective time management². These courses have been proven to be highly effective. The stages in which the students are taught are as follows a) the students are asked to identify the stressors b) they are asked how they experience and cope with them c) they are asked how they would like to manage them d) they are then told more effective ways to manage their stressors e) they are asked whether it was effective or not f) how they plan to continue to maintain their new behaviour and g) habits they want to change.

Most studies indicate that social support holds an impact on stress. For example, in a 0-year longitudinal study of undergraduate college students, Valliant (174) found a significant and positive correlation between supportive family environments and adult psychological adjustment in later life (Journal of College Student Personnel). Social support is a good way to help the handling of stress for it is the number of others that one can turn to. That available support system is a lean to for people as they can get others to help in their management of stress.

Another study was done where eleven junior college students who received ³success-stress management² training exhibited less stress and higher grade point averages than an equal number who received ³success² group training (Journal of College Student Personnel). As well multicomponent strategies employing cognitive restructuring and relaxation have been found to be highly effective in treating the worry and emotionally stressed with test anxiety. A number of studies have shown that low achievers seem to experience more anxiety than high achievers and that they appear to lack good healthy study skills and habits. Borkovec, Grayson, and Cooper (178) found that 1/5 of a group of college students reported feeling tense during at least 50%

Handling Stress

#

of each day. Speilberger¹s (166) estimate that 15% of college students are test anxious supports the contention that some of this daily tension may result from test anxiety (Journal of College Student Personnel). All in all the success-stress management program was found to be more effective in reducing stress and increasing one¹s academic performance than the success program.

The goals of all these programs are to a) to help students to understand stress and the role it plays in their lives and b) to help students acquire healthy methods of managing their stress. They are there for social support and to give the student or person an increased feeling of self-control. They also help in student developing and emphasise on personal awareness, the development of personal change strategies, and the periodic review of those strategies. These stress management programs or courses are not the only things that help with the controlling or management of stress. There are many other things that students themselves may have discovered in keeping their stress under control. Things that you or I may never have thought of.

I decided to take a survey of my peers and see exactly what they used or did, if anything, to help manage their stress. Some of the things I came up with were quite surprising Three people I talked to said they liked to take time off from their studies and write, either in a journal or a letter to someone, eight people said they liked to exercise, such as taking walks or doing aerobics, two people said they liked to take a break and have a nap, twelve people said they liked to snack, four people liked to reorganise their work so that it was copeable, fifteen people said they liked to go to the bar, and six people said that sex helped them relieve the tension of studies. All these things people said helped them to relax and relieve the tension of their studies. Though these things may not manage one¹s stress on a day to day basis they seem to help people from allowing the tension to build up to a point of disaster.

Handling Stress

#

Some people may even feel enough stress to cause them to acquire an ulcer. This is caused when a stressful experience activates mostly the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate, breathing rate, and epinephrine secretions. Ulcers do not occur during the stress period itself but during the rest period. The digestive secretions increase causing the excess secretions to eat away at the lining of the stomach and intestines causing and ulcer. Severe stress, however, can cause a condition called posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This condition is usually caused when one has endured extreme stress causing them to feel prolonged anxiety and depression. Though I have never heard of university students getting posttraumatic stress disorder I know of afew people around my age who have obtained and ulcer, myself for one. These are just two things that stress has been known to cause or attribute to.

Though what you¹ve read so far gives alot of detail into what one can do to manage their stress I believe that the only real way to managing one¹s stress is through the art of relaxation. Even though I do use some of the ways my peers have stated I believe that for full effect of managing stress one must first learn how to relax themselves. Learning how to relax is a simple thing to do and if done effectively will affect you both physically as well as psychologically. Rest pauses, as well as widely spaced periods of exercise and ³me time² can and will help prevent tension, psychophysical stress, and inefficiency. Thorndike tells us that, to protect the mind, the body needs rest pauses and sleep, as well as frequent changes of position and movement, and social intercourse. These rest pauses as well as such things as laughter are what will help one relax psychologically. To physically relax one¹s self exercise has yet to fail. There are many different ways to exercise th!

at will help in the release of tension. Small exercises developed for individual parts of the body, such

Handling Stress

#

as the arms, legs, neck, and forehead, will help the most. These small exercises are very good for they relax each muscle individually, therefore making sure each muscle is relaxed. All of these methods both the physical and the phycological have been proven to work.

Though stress seems to be an everyday event everyone should take time off from whatever may be causeing them stress and relax. No matter what relaxation process you decide is the best for you, you should make sure that you keep doing it to prevent any build up of stress that may occur. If you don¹t normally take time off for yourself now is a good time to start. Yes kids it¹s me time.

CONCLUSION

Stress is something that everyone takes on in their day to day lives. It is a part of our daily routines and sometimes builds up to the point where we think it is unbearable. There are many things that cause stress, yet at the same time there are many things that help us relieve it. Stress can cause physical as well as emotional illnesses but it has also been proven that too little stress can be harmful as well. There are many different ways of handling stress. Some are for the goodness of one¹s physical well being where as some are for one¹s emotional well being. There are even some that help with both. All in all stress seems to occur depending on one¹s perception of events, people, and daily things for stress occurs on different occasions for different people.

Please note that this sample paper on Stress is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Stress, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Stress will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!