Aspects of Totalitarianism in 1984

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A totalitarian government is a modern autocratic government in which the state involves itself in all facets of society, including the daily life of its citizens (Bartleby). One person or an elite few who share similar views are usually in charge of the state and impose their totalitarian views upon the citizens. Throughout history, we have been aware of the presence of totalitarian states such as Nazi Germany under Hitler, the Soviet Union under Stalin, Fascist Italy under Mussolini, and the Peoples Republic of China under Zedong. Despite the differences amid totalitarian states, there are several characteristics that they have in common, the two most significant being one ideology that addresses all parts of life and one party led by a dictator. In addition, total subjection of an individual comes only due to science and technology. Mass communication in these states is monitored rigorously. A form of a secret police force keeps the populace in check and terrified to rebel. Arms and weapons of mass destruction are destroyed kept under control. Most importantly, the emergence of totalitarian governments usually occurs as a result of historical forces, such as chaos during the aftermath of an event such as a World War. When reading George Orwells 184, one realizes that many of the aforementioned characteristics are present in the novel and therefore the society and government is totalitarian.

Most totalitarian nations have been under the control of one party, which is led by a dictator. There is also an ideology that addresses all aspects of life and the means to attain the final goal (Bartleby). Citizens of a state are made to be entirely dependant upon the party and the leader of the party. In Germany, Hitler led members of the National Socialist group, also known as the Nazis. Zedong and Stalin led the communists in China and Russia. In 184, the party of the totalitarian state Oceania is the Inner and Outer Party and is led by Big Brother. The party maintains complete control over the citizens of Oceania. The government is broken up into separate ministries ... the Ministry of Truth,... the Ministry of Peace,... the Ministry of Love,...and the Ministry of Plenty (Orwell 8). Big Brother is the dictator of the Party and the government and is considered omnipresent although he is never seen in person.

The governing party is generally concerned with what goes on in the lives of the civilians, including their personal lives. The party therefore monitors mass communications and controls all of the ways that the citizens receive information. Books, newspapers, magazines, movies, even radio and television broadcasts, are controlled by the party and centered around their beliefs. The publishers, writers, actors, and actresses are usually required to be members of the party. In 184, the Party is in compete control of all publications and any announcements that are made. In having this much power over the media, the Party is able to manipulate the people to keep them loyal to Big Brother, the party leader. For complete subjection of the population, the leading party must use advanced technological and scientific means. In 184, the Party necessitates the use of telescreens in the homes of all citizens except for the Proles. The telescreen is a tool that the Party uses to receive and transmit simultaneously. Any sound Winston made... would be picked up by it; moreover, so long as he remained within the field of vision... he could be seen as well as heard (Orwell 6). In short, the Party uses the telescreens to provide other party members with information but also to watch them.

The establishment of totalitarian regimes in the course of history usually followed some sort of political and social upheaval. This is evident when taking into consideration World War I and the effects. The chaos which followed WWI allowed totalitarian governments to be founded in Russia, Italy, and Germany. In the case of 184, totalitarianism is established after a revolution occurs. All totalitarian governments employ a secret police to keep the people of the state under control. These police forces usually utilized institutions such as concentration camps, unfair or predetermined trials, and forced confessions. The secret police of 184 are known as Thought Police. Once you were under their control,

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To be killed was what you expected. But before death, there was the routine confession that had to be gone through the groveling on the floor and screaming for mercy, the crack of broken bones, the smashed teeth and bloody clots of hair... It was certain that by a given date, you would be dead. (Orwell 87).

With similar means as violent as this, the secret police forces of totalitarian nations are able to keep the citizens well behaved and loyal to the party. The governments also have a monopoly of all weapons of mass destruction and guns. The dictators normally do not allow citizens to possess weapons so that, in case of a revolution, the government can quietly and easily put it down. Winston, the antagonist of 184, thinks of the Thought Police and how many of the disappearances during the night were in fact suicides. He also brings to attention that It needed desperate courage to kill yourself in a world where firearms, or any quick and certain poison, were quite unprocurable (Orwell 86). Therefore, the fact that the common people do not possess weapons, keeps them under the control of the government because they cannot revolt due to scant chances of success.

It is obvious while reading 184 to see that the government in the novel shares characteristics which are common among totalitarian regimes. The totalitarian nations are usually led by an elite few or a dictator of a party. There have been many totalitarian states throughout the course of history including Germany, Italy, Russia, and China. Regardless of the differences amid totalitarian states, there are several characteristics that they have in common, the two most significant being one ideology that addresses all parts of life and one party led by a dictator. In addition, subjection of an individual occurs due to the use of advancements science and technology. Mass communication in these states is monitored meticulously. A form of a secret police force keeps the populace under control and terrified to rebel. Arms and weapons of mass destruction are destroyed kept under control. Most importantly, each totalitarian regime had usually been established in the chaos of a large political or social event. A totalitarian regime is basically described as nation under the control of a select few or one dictator. The basic concepts of a totalitarian state can best be expressed with all within the state, nothing outside the state, and nothing against the state- Benito Mussolini.

Orwell, George. 184.

Totalitarianism, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. New York Columbia University Press, 00. www.bartleby.com/65/. April 8, 00.

Totalitarianism, Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 00 http//encarta.msn.c

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My graduation speach

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Mayor Strojny, Mr. Cleary, Teachers, Staff, Parents, Students, and Friends. Do you have a dream to live up to and want to fulfill? Some of you might have already reached your goal and are setting another one to conquer. Most of the students sitting before us have dreams of graduating from high school and going off to college, owning a major company, traveling the world, and many others. We all wish them luck towards there goals. Goals are important in life to succeed. Without goals there are no standards to meet and without standards there will be no success.

We have all spent many days at school, some more than others. Focusing on the teacher talking about world history or algebra wasn't a major excitement in the day, but without them what would we do as a career? So what if we have to go through the boring lectures that if you don't read the chapter, you won't pass the check point. "The roots of education are bitter but the fruit is sweet." It's not the feeling you get when you're sitting in a metal chair listening to how the Chinese were treated in California during the gold rush. It's how you feel when you finally graduate from high school and achieve your ultimate dreams. I am not trying to say that school was never interesting and that we never had fun, but what comes out of that education is a little more exciting. Just think of how you will feel when you have a car you have always dreamed of parked in the garage of your dream house. We all know that school isn't one of the greatest highlights of your life. Without school you cannot follow your dreams and won't be able to have fun because you won't have enough money to buy certain things you want.

In conclusion, follow your dreams until you reach them and don't forget to ask someone for help. Without dreams you will not be able to succeed in life. Also give credit to the ones who help you succeed in life and never forget what they did for you because they will always be there to help even if you are in high school or older. Good luck to all students of the class of 2002 and never forget the fun moments we had here such as science fairs, talent shows, dances, school plays, and especially today. Best wishes to all of you and your futures. GOOD LUCK!!!

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Wine Grape Canopy Management

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History and Science Go Well With Wine

Wine has unfalteringly accompanied us through history. It has seen the rise and fall of many an empire, it stood by us in biblical times, sloshed around in goblets at our medieval feasts, and patiently waited for us to regain our senses during prohibition.

Man has been making wine for centuries. So weve had a little time to study and try to improve upon our techniques. In fact, weve done so much pondering on the subject that it has become its own science; enology.

There are numerous steps in making a good wine that start from the instant the very first vines are planted all the way to the bottle. Aspects of botany, soil biology, chemistry, microbiology, genetics, ecology, physics, and engineering (just to name a few), all come into play in the complex orchestra of making a wine. Buy cheap Wine Grape Canopy Management term paper

One technique that has emerged one the forefront of enology is canopy management. The term canopy management is just a fancy way of referring to the control and orientation of grape vines and leaves. But dont be fooled by this simple definition, canopy management is a complex and important technique.

So Whats a Canopy and Why Does it Need to be Managed?

When viticulturists refer to the "canopy", they are talking about the shoot system of the plant, which includes the leaves, the stems, and the grape clusters. The canopy can be described by its length, height, width, leaf area, and density of the shoots.

When picturing a healthy vineyard, you may think of long dark green rows of vines, with dense and lush leaves. As you walk into the rows, its shady and the air is cooler and moist. These growing conditions may sound perfect but in reality they do not produce the best wines. The best wines come from low yield vines that are slightly stressed and the grapes have more contact with light and air.

Research has proven that fruit from these types of vines taste better and are less likely to suffer from infections of bunch rot or mildew. This is because removing leaves and spacing out vines increases air movement. This in turn means that moisture from rain and dew dry faster, which prevents the formation of diseases. Also, any preventative sprays used on the canopy will penetrate farther in. So through leaf plucking, trimming and vine positioning, the viticulturist manages the canopy to produce the best grapes for wine.

Plucking and Trimming and Spacing, oh my!

The aim of canopy management is to maximize the amount of sunlight and minimize shading , all while maintaining a good balance between shoot growth and grape production. Doesnt sound too difficult, right? The tricky part is that every grape variety, every vineyard, and every growing season is different. So in turn, every canopy needs to be managed differently.

There are five basic steps of canopy management that every viticulturist should follow. Some varieties of grapes require all five steps, some require less, and some require the repeat of certain steps. If the growing season that year is dry, then less steps should be used, or if it is wet, more should be used. Viticulturists must decide (sometimes through trial and error) how to adjust canopy management techniques to best suit their own situation.

So lets start with the first step, shoot thinning. This consists of removing any unwanted shoots that are growing on the trunk of the main vine. Any shoots that have no fruit are removed first, unless the vine itself is damaged and the new shoot will help replace the trunk. Shoot thinning should be done early in the season. This way shoots are easily removable and the grapes are visible to distinguish between fruitful and unfruitful shoots. Once shoot thinning is done, the canopy should have about 6-8 shoots per foot.

Our next step is shoot positioning. Shoots dont just grow up and down. Often they grow sideways and attach to other shoots and vines. So the viticulturist positions the shoots so that they will grow in a way that promotes an open canopy, and stays with the shape of the trellis system. There are two unique terms used in shoot positioning and they are combing and tucking. Combing means to position the shoot downwards and tucking means to position the shoot upwards. Shoot positioning should be done some time between blooming and when the fruit sets in. During this window of opportunity, the shoots are strong enough not to snap and the tendrils arent fully active.

The next step is referred to as cluster thinning. This means to remove some grape blooms or the grape clusters from the vine. But why do this, it sounds just like the viticulturists are cutting off the very thing they want to grow. This practice actually improves the grapes and vines left behind and leads to a healthier long lived vineyard. Not all varieties of grapes require cluster thinning but most varieties will be improved using this technique. Also, sometimes a vine will fall behind in production. A viticulturist might completely remove every cluster from this vine. This allows the vines to recover and put all of their energy into the vines and trunk. This makes for a healthier vine the next year.

Step four is leaf removal. Leaves are removed for two purposes. They are to increase airflow and increase sunlight exposure. Leaves are plucked from the shady side of the vine and not the sunny side. This is because direct sunlight may give the fruit sunburn. Pulling leaves from the shady side will increase light and air penetration but still leaves the fruit in a protected position. One disadvantage of leaf pulling is that it allows birds to easily penetrate the vines too. Leaf plucking should be done before veraison. Verasion is when the berries stop growing and coloration (in red grape varieties) begins. Any leaf plucking done after this period is useless because it is too late to have any affect on the berries themselves and will most likely only cause sunburn.

The final step is shoot hedging. Shoot hedging is cutting any shoots that grow beyond the space of the trellis. This controls shoot length and helps promote shoot placement and spacing. The weather determines how many times shoot hedging is required. A particularly rainy summer will mean more hedging for the viticulturist because shoot will, well, shoot up.

"Beer is made by men, wine by God"~ Martin Luther

Wine production is a centuries old technique, but how much praise for the end product do we deserve and how much do we owe to nature? We have come to understand many ways to make better wines but we still dont know exactly every aspect that makes a great wine great. That last tiny aspect that pushes a good wine to great may not be under our complete control. The same exact wine from the same exact grape will vary from year to year. Whether its the rain, the wind, the sun or the soil, there is a factor or two in wine making that is left up to chance. We are never completely sure what we are going to get until we pop that cork.

Ill drink to that.

Please note that this sample paper on Wine Grape Canopy Management is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Wine Grape Canopy Management, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on Wine Grape Canopy Management will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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