MICRO

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Introduction

Microorganisms are extremely small and can be isolated by different methods. The purpose of this lab was to take an unknown mixture containing two different types of bacteria and isolate a pure culture of each type and be able to identify what each bacteria was. This was done using the procedures we have learned thus far in lab.

More than one type of organism may show up in the selective environments that were used, that is why we kept isolating the bacteria from day to day. A pure culture is not present until there is one type of colony. The unknown bacteria was identified by streaking them on different petri plates, such as; DNAse, Pseudomonas Afar P (PAP), Pseudomonas Agar F (PAF), Nutrient Agar (NA), Blood Agar Plate (BAP), Colistin-Nalidxic Agar (CNA), MacConkey Agar (MAC) and Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) plates. TTC deeps, TSI slants, tryptone broth, bile esculin broth, gram stains, catalase and oxidase tests were also used.

The first day the unknown suspension was streaked onto a CNA plate, MAC plate and a TSB plate. These plates were used because the CNA plate inhibits the growth of most gram negative rods. Streptococcus and Staphylococcus grow well on this type of a plate. Also some strains of Bacillus are able to grow. The MAC plate enables most gram negative bacteria to grow. Yeasts and gram positive bacteria are inhibited. When lactose utilizers are present the colonies appear pink to red, when absent they appear colorless to yellow. The TSB plate is an all purpose medium for isolating bacteria, to make sure there is actually bacteria present.

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During the second day gram stains were taken from the plates used in day one. This enabled me to determine what types of media and further tests to used to identify the bacteria based on the gram reaction. For gram negative bacteria a TSI slant, Tryptone broth, PAP plate, PAF plate, TTC deep and a DNAse plate were used. Colonies were taken from the MAC plates and streaked onto the plates, stabbed into the slants and mixed in with broths. The TSI slant was used to test for gas production and sugar utilization. The Tryptone broth detects the production of indole from tryptophan. Kovacs reagent is added and it turns red if indole is produced. This is useful for the identification of E. coli. PAP plate and PAF plates are non-selective medias used for detection and differentiation between Pseudomonas. The pigments diffuse from the colonies of Pseudomonas into the agar. A PAP plate enhances the elaboration of pyocyanin and inhibits the formation of pyoverdin. Pyocyanin on Pseudomonas is a blue non-fluorescent color. On the PAF plate enhances the elaboration of pyoverdin and inhibits the formation of pyocyanin. Pyoverdin on Pseudomonas is a yellow-green pigment. The TTC deep tests for motility of the bacteria. A DNAse plate tests for production of DNAse, it differentiates between Serratia, E. coli, Enterobacter, S. aureus and S. epidermis.

For gram positive bacteria a DNAse plate, TTC deep, Mannitol salt plate, Bile esculin broth, NA plate and BAP plates were used. Colonies were taken from the TSB plates (because I had no growth on the CNA plate) and streaked onto the plates, stabbed into the deeps and mixed in with the broth. The Mannitol salt plates has a high salt concentration and inhibits most organisms except Staphylococci. It differentiates between S. epidermis and S. aureus. S. aureus have opaque colonies surrounded by a yellow zone and most S. epidermis fail to ferment mannitol, so the colonies appear red-purple. In the Bile esculin broth the bacteria grows on 4% bile and hydrolyzes esculin to esculetin and glucose, the media turns black. It is selective and differential for growth of Enterococcus. The Nutrient agar plate is an all purpose medium that allows the growth of Bacillus spores. A BAP plate is used to detect for hemolysis especially in Staphylococcus. Enterococcus wont lyse sheep red blood cells. a᠃hemolysis is the partial lysis of red blood cells around the colony, resulting in a greenish discoloration around the colony. b hemolysis is the complete lysis of red blood cells around the colony, resulting in a transparent area around the colony. Non-hemolytic results in no lysis of red blood cells around the colony and no change in the agar.

Catalase and Oxidase tests were used for both gram negative and gram positive stains. In the Catalase test, the enzyme catalase decomposes hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, which results in vigorous bubbling if the test is positive. This is used to separate Staphylococci, which are positive from Streptococci that are negative. The oxidase test tests for cytochrome oxidase which is found in bacteria using oxidative phosphorylation. A positive test of a colony deposit turns purple within 10 seconds. This separates Pseudomonas and Azotobacter, which are positive from E. Coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Serratia marcescens, which are negative.

Results

After a lot of observations of the plates, slants and deeps, gram stains, catalase and oxidase tests I was able to determine which unknowns I had. Please see attached tables of unknowns. From the tables, I have concluded that my unknowns are Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.

Discussion

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'Madame Bovary, written by Gustave Flaubert (1857), and 'Crime and Punishment, written by Fyodor Dostoevsky (1866)'The women in these novels only come to life through loving the men. Discuss, making reference to your course texts.

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Both 'Madame Bovary, written by Gustave Flaubert (1857), and 'Crime and Punishment, written by Fyodor Dostoevsky (1866) are products of western culture of the nineteenth century. Both authors are men writing from within a fiercely patriarchal society. Patriarchy is a social system of rule that ensures the dominance of men and the subsequent subservience of women. In this society relationships between men and women are built on inequality. However, patriarchy goes much further than this; not only does it involve the subordination of women, but it is also a social process or conditioning whereby women come to accept in their own thinking the idea of male superiority. From this position it is easy to see how 'women in these novels only come to life through loving the men. Both these authors appear to consider this concept in different ways. Flaubert seems to accept that women aspire to be their idealised images penned by men and creates an environment of reality whereby the absurdity of the 'romantic novel can be exposed. Dostoevsky shows how such a system can be equally as damaging for men.

In 'Madame Bovary1 Flaubert creates a bored, middle class, wife of a doctor, living in desperately dull circumstances in a provincial French setting. Emma Bovary is the daughter of a spendthrift farmer, Monsieur Rouault, who, though he seems to show much affection for his daughter, marries her off to Charles Bovary, a man he thinks 'rather puny as 'she is of little use to him in the house and Charles would 'strike no hard bargain in the matter of a dowry.(Page 1). Madame Bovary 'had received a good education, had learnt dancing, geography, drawing, embroidery and to play the piano (Page 15) and it is because of this education that she discovers the romantic novel. Madame Bovary is an avid reader and immerses herself in literature rather than face her isolated life, at first on the farm with her father and later, with Charles who 'could not rouse emotion in her, nor laughter, nor excuse for dreams.(Page 6) The words she uses to voice her thoughts reflect the romantic ideas she has internalised 'Love, she believed, should come with the suddenness of thunder and lightening, should burst like a storm upon her life, sweeping her away, scattering her resolutions like leaves before a wind, driving her whole heart to the abyss.(Page 8).

In the pages of the novels she reads Emma finds a world more adventurous and fanciful than her reality. She, like the characters in the stories, searches for truth beyond that which we encounter in everyday experience, she believes the myth created by the author and, in a sense, her story becomes literary criticism as the romantic believer is exposed to lifes harsh realities. Realism versus romance. Through Emma, Flaubert comments on the power of literature to shape and define our world, Emma is the product of a masculine imagination whose very existence is questioning the validity of female stereotypes established by largely male authors.

The realism in the novel is strikingly accurate. Flauberts style and aesthetic transformation of the ordinary and, sometimes, vulgar reality of life in Provincial France is the perfect backdrop for this tale. Emmas sense of style and its importance, along with her aristocratic airs and graces seem in sharp contrast with her surroundings of rural simplicity 'Her own daily scene a tedious countryside, a half-witted, middle-class society, an unceasing round of mediocrity- she saw as an exception to some more glorious rule, as something in which, by mere ill-chance, she had been caught and held (Page 5) Emma clearly believes that she is destined for great things. Flaubert uses her ambition to comic effect and the reader can visualise her humiliation as she leaves the ball at La Vanbyessard, having at last been exposed to courtly life, and climbs into Charles rickety old phaeton '… the little cob ambled along between the shafts which were too big for him…The corded box bumped rhythmically against the body of the vehicle.(Page 4) Help with essay on 'Madame Bovary, written by Gustave Flaubert (1857), and 'Crime and Punishment, written by Fyodor Dostoevsky (1866)'The women in these novels only come to life through loving the men. Discuss, making reference to your course texts.

The original statement was that 'women only come to life through loving the men and this does not altogether correspond to the impression made by Emma in this novel and would entirely depend on how we define the word 'love. If 'love is defined as 'an intense emotion of affection, warmth, fondness and regard towards a person or thing then she shows little sign of such affection, not even to her own flesh and blood. However, if an alternative meaning is used (and there are eighteen definitions to choose from) that of 'a deep feeling of sexual attraction and desire then it is true to say that Emma loves both Rodolphe and Lon. Though Emma appears to be in love with the romantic experience, the passion and the flattery of love itself, rather than any man.

Emma blames her adultery on her hopes being dashed in reality 'In the days before her marriage she had fancied she was in love. But the happiness love should have brought her did not come. Her husband Charles disappoints her from the start. Here is a rather passionless man, not much of a conversationalist who '…taught her nothing, knew nothing, desired nothing. (Page 6) Flaubert goes to great lengths to add authenticity by adapting his narrative perspective when introducing Charles in the first few pages of the novel. Whereas in the rest of the novel the narrative is omniscient third person, in these few pages 'we hear the narrative voice, the first person. Whether it is Flauberts voice telling the reader about an old school chum or a nameless witness after the fact, it seems to work and Charles becomes real whereas he could easily have appeared to be a caricature. In order for Flaubert to make his point it is important for the reader to believe in Charles character and his content attitude to life and to establish very early that he is no reader, though he eventually becomes a doctor, he is firmly established as a less complex character than his wife who clearly does not speak her language of love. A language Flaubert seems anxious to expose as fraudulent and has no place within the realms of reality.

Emma is clearly wooed by the use of romantic language and her husbands incapability to communicate in such a way is established early in their relationship. Charles is clearly incapable of such articulacy and this is evident whilst they experience their brief courtship 'At moments she was gay and looked at him with innocent wide eyes, then suddenly her lids would droop, and her eyes founder in a tide of boredom, while her thoughts took aimless flight. (Page 0) Emma does, however come to life when Rodolphe uses the right words and phrases, himself a serious seducer of educated women. His experience drives him to use the language women have come to accept from a system they have internalised, in order to seduce her and little else.

It is interesting that, in Madame Bovary and Crime and Punishment women who are not physically attractive to men are also the focus of anxiety and hostility. Perhaps their uncharming presence hints that women may not be divinely designed just to meet the needs of men. Graceless women who also refuse to be submissive appear to be the most fearful. Flaubert uses the death of the first Madame Bovary to satirise the tendency for literature to persecute these monstrous shrews, often subjecting them to torture or burning them as witches; it is somewhat unusual for them to live happily ever after with 'Prince Charming. Whilst killing off this 'widow-wife in a single paragraph, no warning or build up, he draws attention to this 'She is dead! What a surprise! (Page 17) It is as though he is mocking the demands of the masculine, which makes her death both necessary and inevitable. Dostoevsky makes the bloody murder of another ugly old women the central issue of the entire novel, she also has the disadvantage of being a money lender (never the most popular people in any society) and is described as being 'as rich as a Jew (Page 61) The reader, along with Raskolnykov, is left to puzzle over the true motive for such a crime.

Dostoevskys St Petersburg is a far cry from Flauberts Provincial France and though they share a similar patriarchal structure within their society it is interesting to see how extreme deprivation and poverty can affect the interpretation of such rules. In the early chapters of the novel, Roskolnykov has a series of seemingly unconnected experiences featuring womens vulnerability within a patriarchal structure where men seem depressed and powerless. Roskolnykov lives in a room 'more like a cupboard (Page 1) in St Petersburg which, when described is painted as a 'mournfully repellent picture (Page 0). After 'rehearsing his project (Page ) and sizing up the practical logistics of such a crime, he leaves Alna Ivanovnas house 'in great confusion wondering at 'what vileness my heart seems capable of (Page 7)

But this city seems to breed vileness and this is demonstrated in the story of Marmeladov, a drunk, who in typical drunken fashion appears to blame everyone for his supreme misfortune, including himself 'an abject and useless creature (Page 11), 'such is my character, I am a beast of nature. (Page 1) He is incapable of supporting his family and this is the cruelty of the system whereby women are possessions of men, he has no choice. Raskolnykov hears how this mans wife was beaten by a money lender whilst Marmeladov 'lay fuddled with drink (Page 11) He tells how his daughter is driven to prostitution in order to support her consumptive stepmother and her children. His masculine pride insinuates that it was his wife, Katerinas idea; when Sonya questions her as to whether this is something she should do, Katerina mocks the harsh realities of life ' "Why not?" answered Katerina Ivanovna mockingly; "What is there to preserve so carefully? What a treasure!"(Page 16) Katerina has known better times, a better class, she knows the rules and realises that the daughter of a drunken fool is never going to have any material value within such an environment, and beseeches Raskolnykov not to 'blame her! It was said in distraction, when she was ill, and wrought up, and the children were crying with hunger… (Page 16), hardly the circumstances in which rational decisions are made.

After reading a letter from his mother telling him of the problems of sexual harassment that have driven his sister, Dunya to leave her position as governess and her subsequent decision to accept an offer of marriage on largely financial grounds, Raskolnykov becomes even more uneasy with his situation. Dunya is an intelligent, educated young lady in a social system that has no middle class, she is a good and respectable Christian but she realises unlike her brother, who seems permanently in a dream of arguments and counter-arguments that never really go anywhere, that she must accept her duty. Raskolnykov is appalled that Dunya is prepared to marry a man who merely 'seems good and kind (Page 8) in order to ensure financial security for herself and hopefully her family. This distresses Raskolnykov, he realises that both women have made a rational decision to sell themselves, yet Dunyas crime is far worse because it hides behind a façade of respectability, Dunya can 'reckon on comforts into the bargain, and with the other it is a question simply of dying hunger.(Page 4) As he judges his sister he seems to forget his previous thinking on the issue of Sonya 'What a little gold mine theyve managed to get hold of there! and profit from! Oh yes, they draw their profits from it! And theyve got used to it. Men are scoundrels; they can get used to anything! (Page 5) When it is not his sister selling her body to maintain her family Raskolnykov can understand and almost approve but now, because of his inability to maintain her, and her love for him, he realises that Dunya is prepared to take such a step. The burden of responsibility lies on his shoulders, as man of the family he must provide for his women or allow them to fall.

What is truly remarkable about this man is that in his desperate need to solve the problems that were 'not new in fact this is' an old and painful story, (page 4) Raskolnykov realises that the murder he planned, the 'vile solution is his only option. Not realising that in order to prevent one woman from selling herself in marriage he is prepared to take the life of another. Dunyas eventual response to Raskolnykovs scathing criticism of her decision to marry hauntingly echoes this sentiment, as the deed is by this time already done If I destroy anything it will be myself and nobody else… I have not killed anybody! (Page ).

In Madam Bovary Emmas experience of the church allows an appreciation of its aesthetic appeal and little else 'loved the church for its flowers, (Page 5) and the women in Crime and Punishment refer to God constantly. It seems that in the harsh reality of 1th century Russia, (somewhat overstated by Dostoevsky) it is faith in the Russian Orthodox Church that gives them strength. When Raskolnykov asks Sonya, mockingly, to read to him from her New Testament, she hesitates and he begins to understand how she keeps her sanity in such a cruel world Raskolnykov half understood why Sonya could not make herself read to him… He knew very well how difficult it was for her to expose and betray all that was her own. He understood that those feelings in fact constituted the real long-standing secret, cherished perhaps since her girlhood, in the midst of her family, with an unhappy father, a stepmother crazed by grief, and hungry children, in an atmosphere of hideous shrieks and reproaches. (Page 1) Both in Madam Bovary and Crime and Punishment it would seem that there is evidence that, in order to cope with or even escape an unequal and unfair system, women put their faith in an imagined alternative. Powerless to change their circumstances they seek paradise in their imaginations and construct an ideal that men could never match. It is the love of their hopes and dreams that allow these women to come to life hopes and dreams that are, for the most part, designed by men.

Bibliography

Dostoevsky, Fyodor Crime and Punishment Translated by Jessie

Coulson, Oxford University Press, Oxford 15

Flaubert, Gustave Madame Bovary Translated by Gerard Hopkins

Oxford University Press 181

Hingley, Ronald Russian Writers and Society 185 104 Mcgraw Hill, USA 167

Steegmuller, Francis (Ed) The Letters of Gustave Flaubert 180-1857 Harvard, USA 180

Please note that this sample paper on 'Madame Bovary, written by Gustave Flaubert (1857), and 'Crime and Punishment, written by Fyodor Dostoevsky (1866)'The women in these novels only come to life through loving the men. Discuss, making reference to your course texts. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on 'Madame Bovary, written by Gustave Flaubert (1857), and 'Crime and Punishment, written by Fyodor Dostoevsky (1866)'The women in these novels only come to life through loving the men. Discuss, making reference to your course texts., we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on 'Madame Bovary, written by Gustave Flaubert (1857), and 'Crime and Punishment, written by Fyodor Dostoevsky (1866)'The women in these novels only come to life through loving the men. Discuss, making reference to your course texts. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Leonardos the Last Supper

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Leonardos, "The Last Supper"

Leonardos Last Supper is a priceless piece of art with much hidden meaning and obvious talents painted upon a wall. Under the study of Verrocchio as a painter and a sculptor, he was able to use his skills in creating a very detailed and a very naturalistic piece of work that would be remembered by thousands of people for hundreds of years. He was also able to create characters with amazing individuality. What attracts so many people to see this painting is its religious aspect, the realism in the figures, and the symbolism.

One reason that the painting, The Last Supper is so widely known is the religious aspect of it. It has almost become a sight of religious pilgrimage. The remembrance of the Last Supper could be due to the sacredness of the parting meal. It is quite obvious that the skill used in the creation of the Last Supper was magnificent. Although, the way Leonardo allows its viewers to depict the scene from a specific point in the Bible adds to the importance and significance of the painting in which no other artist could even compare. He does allow the viewer to recognize this scene by the gestures of both the Lord and the Apostles. The Lord sits ever so quietly while the Apostles rise in reaction to what the Lord had just announced. It is rather obvious that Leonardo chose the critical moment after the Lord had stated, 'Verily I say unto you that one of you shall betray me, because of the emotions that evolve in this specific scene. This emotion that is seen on the apostles faces is another good reason why this painting is so renown and desired. He took much time to express every detail of each Apostle and the Lord. For example, the Lord is very relaxed with his arms resting on the table, which adds to the portrayal of his greatness. He also emphasized the Lords greatness by giving him a serious attitude (or at least a serious look on his face) and by presenting him as untouchable with the space between Himself and the Apostles. Although, the Apostles are painted in a more restless fashion, they are all facing different ways and seem to be jumping out of their seats. Another attraction to this work of art is the religious aspect that is apparent in all areas of the painting.

The incredible detail that Leonardo accomplished in "The Last Supper" was another large part of the popularity of this work of art. He was very cautious in his painting, from the placement of the figures to the movement they each possessed. Leonardo had to create actions and various postures that would be appropriate for each figure in order to keep them from looking as if they were brothers. For each of the twelve Apostles he had to not only resort to the historical information on their names and on their appearances but also by the portrayal of their qualities as they are known to us from the Gospels. Leonardo continued to distinguish each of the Apostles, as he felt necessary. Leonardo not only arranged the Apostles in four groups according to kinship and the personal links they shared, but each of the twelve Apostles exhibit a reaction appropriate to their character. Each disciple reacted in his own way, as men. The Lord Jesus was also given qualities that distinguished him from everyone else. Jesus hands are laid in a resting fashion on the table. His hands lie between the filled cup and the unbroken bread, the symbols of sacrifice, as if pointing in a silent gesture towards them. He seems to relay a message that His business has not yet been completed. Only the objects in front of Him remain in order, as does He remain calm, unlike the objects in front of the Apostles which are in disarray, as are the Apostles also in an northerly emotional state of confusion. Leonardo uses the description of the table to symbolize the state in which the Apostles and Jesus are. Leonardo really believed that the perspective of light was important because it ensured to make the Last Supper as realistic as possible.

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The third key as to why this piece is so successful is the symbolism used in the figures. The grouping of the apostles in three was done intentionally. He used four groups of three Apostles in each group in order to symbolize the Holy Trinity, which means three, and the four groups were used to symbolize the Gospels and the Cardinal Virtues. Also, Judas was put outside the circle of the innocent Apostles and only his shadowed profile can be found. He is the only one to be found sitting in the shadows and in solitude. This allows the viewer to see the guilt he had, for he knew he was the one who would betray the Lord Jesus. He is also frozen in shock, and he is an outcast in the group. The significance of the portrayal of Judas is very important because in earlier pictures of the Last Supper, no one had ever been able to show this.

These three aspects of Leonardos "The Last Supper," religious appeal, vigorous attention to detail, and deep symbolism all in affect add to the popularity of this ever-famous piece of art. While there are many more attractants to art than those stated above. These seem to be the three most prevalent in art history.

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French essay

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on french essay. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality french essay paper right on time.

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Sub units Decomposition reactions | Thermal decomposition | Catalytic decomposition | Electrolytic decomposition

When a substance decomposes, it breaks up into two or more simpler substances.

Decomposition can take place in a number of ways Help with essay on french essay

Thermal decomposition

Catalytic decomposition

Electrolysis

Sub units Decomposition reactions | Thermal decomposition | Catalytic decomposition | Electrolytic decomposition

What is the rate of a chemical reaction? The rate of a chemical reaction is how fast the reactants react.

How to find the rate of a reaction? In general to find the rate of a reaction, you should measure either the amount of reactant used up per unit of time or the amount of product produced per unit of time.

The rate during the reaction does not stay constant, it changes throughout the reaction, its greatest at the start but gets slower as the reaction proceeds. I think this is mainly to do with the fact the longer the reaction has taken place the more of the reactants react leaving fewer reactants with less chance of reacting.

Successful collision. For the reactants to be able to react they have to successfully collide with each other. The chance of a successful collision can be increased or decreased by using many different factors.

Temperature Temperature alters the rate of a reaction by supplying the reactant particles with more energy, the more energy the reactants have the faster they move around increasing theyre are chance of bumping into one another and having a successful collision. Also the more energy they get from the heat the more particles have enough energy to react, this is known as activation energy. Generally the greater the temperature the faster the rate of a reaction, the rate doubles every 10°c.

Surface Area The greater the surface area of the reactants the more particles are available for a successful collision.

A Catalyst A catalyst is a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction but remains chemically unchanged itself.

Concentration Concentration effects the rate of a reaction because the higher the concentration of particles the greater the chance of a successful collision. The general trend for the concentration is the rate doubles as the concentration doubles (theyre directly proportionate).

What is Activation energy? Activation energy is the amount of energy required for the reactants to successfully react. The reactants need a certain amount of energy, any extra energy increases theyre chance of a successful collision.

Experiment

To investigate the rate of reaction I have decided to use the concentration as a variable. I am going to use marble chip (Calcium Carbonate) and Hydrochloric acid. I will alter the concentration of the hydrochloric acid each time, and I will measure the amount of Carbon Dioxide product given off.

I have chosen to use these because during the reaction Carbon Dioxide is given off, this is a gas and highly insoluble in water. The method I have planned will accommodate this.

Though some carbon dioxide is soluble in water the amount is negligible,

At room temp (0°c) in 1l of water 1.6 10 will dissolve.

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Presentation of Financial Statements in Malaysia: A Critical Analysis of MASB 1 and MASB i - 1

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Presentation of Financial Statements in Malaysia A Critical Analysis of MASB 1 and MASB i - 1

1.Introduction

Accounting is often said as the language of business (Lavoie, 187). As a business language, one of the main functions of an accounting system is to provide information, through periodic reports known as financial statements, regarding the financial position, the results of operations and cash flows of a business entity to assist users of such reports in making decisions. The primary objective of Islamic accounting information according to Adnan and Gaffikin (17) is to facilitate the users in computing zakat obligation.

Human experience proved that any work done without having clear objectives encounters limitations, conflicts and blurred vision in its implementation (AAOIFI SFA No. 1, 17). As such it is very important that in the process of developing financial accounting standards, a clear objectives of financial accounting been established to ensure inconsistency in standards development. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the objective of financial accounting which underlies the presentation of financial statements in Malaysia as outline in MASB 1 Presentation of Financial Statements and MASB i 1 Presentation of Financial Statements of Islamic Financial Institutions.Order College Papers on Presentation of Financial Statements in Malaysia: A Critical Analysis of MASB 1 and MASB i - 1

.Presentation of Financial Statements under the Malaysian Accounting Standards

The overall considerations for the presentation and disclosure of financial statements to be considered by Malaysian business entities is outlined in MASB 1 Presentation of Financial Statements and MASB i 1 Presentation of Financial Statements of Islamic Financial Institutions. The latter is specifically meant for Islamic financial institution and is also applicable to other business entities conducted on the basis of Islamic principles where appropriate. In Islam, the shariah governs all actions of its followers. As such accounting system and practices in Islamic business entities is expected to be different from conventional accounting practices since the underlying principles adopted are different.

Both standards spell out that the purposes of financial statements are to assist users in making economic decisions and assessing the results of managements stewardship in managing resources entrusted to it. Also both standards specify that the responsibility for the preparation and presentation of financial statements lie in the hand of the board of directors or similar governing body.

In terms of components of financial statements, MASB i 1 stated two additional statements which are encourage to be included in the annual reports of Islamic business entities in addition to those statements are generally presented in a financial statements. Generally, a complete set of financial statements includes balance sheet, income statement, a statement of changes in equity, cash flow statement and accounting policies and explanatory notes. The standards also recommended companies to provide additional reports that are considered to be able to assist users in making economic decisions. Examples of such reports are environmental reports and value added statement. In addition to the statements discussed above, MASB i 1 recommended two other statements to be included in financial statements of companies operated under the Islamic principles. The two statements are Zakat Fund and Qard Fund. Statement of Zakat Fund provides information regarding sources of fund, uses of fund and its balance as at a given date. In Malaysia, the Islamic Religious council of each state is responsible in the collection and distribution of zakat. As such the payment of zakat should be made to the state Islamic Religious council where the business operated. According to decision made by Muslim jurists in the first Zakat conference held in Kuwait in 184, zakat for a company should be determined based on the companys net assets (AAOIFI SFA No. , 17). As such, the relevant information to be disclosed and of interest to Muslim users would be the amount of zakat paid and how the amount is determined. In this case, it will not be necessary for the company to present a statement of Zakat Fund. The relevant information regarding the amount and how it was determined may be presented in the notes to the statements. However, in a case where an Islamic bank acts as an amil , the bank is responsible for the collection and distribution of zakat, then, a statement prescribing in detail the sources of fund, uses of fund and its balance as at the end of an accounting period would be more appropriate. Statement of Qard Fund provides information regarding sources of fund, uses of fund during a period and the fund balance as at a given date. Qard according to the fiqh definition is a non-interest bearing loan intended to allow the borrower to use the loaned funds for a period of time with the understanding that the same amount of the loaned funds would be repaid at the end of the period (AAOIFI SFA No. , 17). This type of fund is normally organized as a means of achieving social objectives.

Both standards emphasized fair presentation and compliance with MASB standards as overall considerations to be observed by companies in preparing their financial statements. With regards to accounting policies, MASB 1 required that the management of a company to select and apply accounting policies that would enable the preparation of financial statements which comply with all MASB standards and technical pronouncements. However MASB i 1 provided that the compliance would not be necessary if the said standard or pronouncement is not relevant. For examples, standard or pronouncement related to interest would deem irrelevant to companies operated under the Islamic principles since interest or riba is prohibited in Islam. In cases where no specific requirements are given in the standards or pronouncements, the standards provided that the management should develop accounting policies to ensure that the financial statements provide relevant and reliable information.

In general, the standards spell out going concern, accrual, consistency and materiality to be adopted by companies in preparing and presenting financial statements. Financial statements of companies should be prepared on a going concern basis unless there are intentions on the part of the management either to liquidate or to cease operations. Any foreseeable uncertainties relating to the ability of a particular company to continue as a going concern should be disclosed.

Generally, accrual basis should be used to prepare the financial statements, except for cash flow information. However, MASB i 1 provided that the cash basis may be used if approved by the National Shariah Advisory Council of BNM.

Companies should be consistent in the presentation and classification of items in financial statements. However, changes are allowed in certain circumstances. When there is a significant change in the nature of the companys operation or the change in the presentation will result in more appropriate presentation of events or transactions or a change is required by a MASB standard or technical pronouncement or any regulative requirements.

Materiality should be considered in determining whether items should be presented separately or aggregated with each other. The general rule spell out by the standards in terms of materiality are each material item should be presented separately, while immaterial items should be aggregated with amounts of similar nature or function and need not be presented separately. However, MASB i 1 provided that where immaterial items are deemed significant to users, such information should be presented separately either on the face of, or in the notes to the financial statements. The standard also required that the nature of immaterial information should be disclosed if it is for purposes of compliance with syariah rulings. For examples prohibited income or expenses such as interest income or expenses.

Both MASB 1 and MASB i 1 spell out that assets and liabilities should not be offset unless there is a religious (MASB i 1 only) and/or legal right (MASB i 1 only) and/or when permitted by another MASB standards. Such offsetting may be made in respect of unearned profit for Murabahah, Bai Bithaman Ajil and Ijarah financing against Murabahah, Bai Bithaman Ajil and rental receivables.

Companies are required to present comparative information in respect of the previous period for all numerical information in the financial statements unless a MASB Standard permits or requires otherwise. Comparative information should also be included in narrative and descriptive information when it is relevant to an understanding of the current periods financial statements. When change is been made to the presentation and classification of items in the financial statements, to ensure comparability with the current period comparative amounts should be reclassified, unless it is impracticable to do so. The nature, amount and reason for any reclassification should be disclosed. When reclassification of comparative item is not practical, companies should disclose the reason for not reclassifying and the nature of the changes that would have been made if amounts were reclassified.

Preceding to elaborating on the structure and contents of financial statements, MASB i 1 stressed out that the form and classification used in the financial statements should ensure a fair presentation of their content. At such, an Islamic business enterprise may not follow the traditional presentation and classification as outline in MASB 1. Each statement should be clearly identified and distinguished from other information in the same published documents. Generally, the relevant information would be the name of the enterprise, the coverage or scope of each statement in terms of both the reporting entity and period, the reporting currency and the level of precision used in the presentation of figures in the financial statements. Financial statements should be presented at least annually within a reasonable period after the balance sheet date. If financial statements are presented for a period longer or shorter than a year, the reason for that period is been used and the fact that those comparative amounts for the income statement, changes in equity, cash flows and related notes are not comparable should be disclosed.

With regards to the presentation of balance sheet, MASB 1 spelled out the guidelines to be observed by a company in presenting its assets and liabilities. A company should determine whether or not to present current and non-current of assets and liabilities separately based on the nature of its operations. If classification is not done as to current and non-current, assets and liabilities should be presented broadly in order of their liquidity. Whichever method of presentation is adopted, a company should disclose, for each asset and liability item that combines amounts expected to be recovered or settled both before and after twelve months from the balance sheet date, the amount expected to be recovered or settled after more than twelve months. While MASB i 1 indicated that the balance sheet should include information regarding assets, liabilities and equity of a company. These elements should be presented separately to ensure fair presentation of a companys financial position. Assets and liabilities in an Islamic business organization are normally grouped in accordance to the nature of contract such as wadiah, bai or ijarah and not so based on current or non-current.

MASB 1 outlined the minimum requirement regarding information to be disclosed on the face of income statement. These are revenue, the results of operating activities, finance costs, share of profits and losses of associates and joint ventures, tax expense, profit and loss from ordinary activities, extraordinary items, minority interest and net profit or loss for the period. In relating to the presentation in income statement, MASB i 1 required that information regarding income, expenses and net profit or loss for the period be included. These elements according to the standard should be presented separately so that they present fairly the results and performance of an Islamic enterprises operations. Additional information comprising analysis of income and expenses should be provided in the notes to the financial statements. MASB i 1, however proposed that the analysis of income is presented in accordance to the contract used in the operations of an Islamic business enterprise. Examples of contract include mudharabah, musyarakah, wadiah, ijarah murabahah and bai bithaman ajil. The amount of dividend per share, declared or proposed for the period covered by the financial statements should be disclosed either on the face of income statement or in notes to the financial statements.

Both standards required that a separate statement be presented provide information on the changes in equity of a company. The statement should disclose information relating to the net profit or loss for the period, items of income and expenses, gain or loss which are required by other MASB standards to be recognized directly in equity and the cumulative effect of changes in accounting policies and the correction of the fundamental errors (dealt with under MASB ). A company should also present, either on the statement or in the notes to the financial statements any capital transactions with owners and distribution to owners; the balance of accumulated profit and loss at the beginning of the period and at the balance sheet date, and the movements for the period; and a reconciliation between the carrying amount of each class of equity capital, share premium and each reserve at the beginning and the end of the period, separately disclosing each movement.

MASB 1 required that the information in the cash flow statement been presented in accordance to the requirements sets out in MASB 5. MASB i 1 sets out that a cash flow statement should report cash flows during the period classified according to operating, investing and financing activities.

Information to be included in the notes to the financial statements would include the basis for preparation of the financial statements and accounting policies adopted; the information required by MASB standards that is not presented elsewhere in the financial statements; and any necessary additional information to ensure fair presentation.

Additional disclosures are prescribed by MASB i 1 to ensure conformity with the syariah requirements. Examples of these additional disclosures are information regarding the syariah board, zakat obligation and prohibited earnings or expenses.

.Summary and Conclusion

In the previous section provides a discussion on the requirements pertaining to the presentation of financial statements as outlined in MASB 1 and MASB MASB i 1. From the preceding discussion, it can be concluded the main different between some of the requirements given in the two standards is due to the needs of an Islamic business enterprise to conform to the requirements of syariah law. To ensure conformity with the syariah law, enterprise operated under the Islamic principles is normally required to appoint a syariah board or advisor. The member of a syariah board will basically be appointed among the Muslim scholars who are specialized in the field of muamalat.

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Columbia

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Columbia

It was uncharacteristic of me to wake so early the morning of February 1st, 00. I had to question my motives for such an early rise, considering I still had hours of precious sleep until work. It was hard for me to make out, still being 4s asleep, but my parents were glued to the tiny 16 TV in our living room. I voiced a muffled "Gd morng", as I collapsed in the recliner near our gas fire place. At last my eyes focused on the tragedy unfolding before me. "Sweet, are those asteroids?", I asked, still delirious " I dono, I think its the shuttle", my mom responded. "Say what?", I questioned, sparking my curiosity. My eyes became transfixed on the glowing balls of fire shooting across the sky. I absorbed the full reality of the situation as I read the caption scrolling across the bottom of the television, "Debris entering atmosphere is believed to be the remains of the shuttle Columbia."

The shuttle Columbia launched the morning of January 16th, 00. This was a rare mission, it was entirely devoted to doing science in the free-fall environment of Columbias 17,500 mph orbit around the Earth. It was the Space Shuttle Columbias 8th, and NASAs 11th Shuttle mission. The crew worked in two shifts to complete over 80 scientific experiments during their nearly 16-day mission. Their work included cancer cell research, fire-extinguishing experiments and medicine development. The mission was considered a success. But shortly before landing on Feb 1st , the Columbia disintegrated during its fiery re-entry through the Earths atmosphere, killing all 7 astronauts aboard.

Columbia was the oldest orbiter in NASAs shuttle fleet. It was the first shuttle to fly in 181, carrying two men into orbit for just two days. Although twenty-two years old, Columbia was actually the most advanced of the four shuttle fleet. It underwent several upgrades over the years, including an electronics overhaul in 1. At 0 tons, Columbia was the heaviest and largest shuttle. Custom writing service can write essays on Columbia

The current inquiry facing NASA scientists, now that the initial shock of this tragedy has passed, is how and why this tragedy occurred. The cause of the accident must first be identified. Around 81 seconds into the launch, a loose piece of foam insulation whacked the underside of Columbias left wing. This foam is used to insulate the -00 degree liquid inside the external tank from the outside air. Video from the launch shows a plume of powder from the impact that is either from the foam disinigrating or bit of fragile thermal tiles that line the belly of the orbiter. Without the tiles, the orbiter is at risk from overheating during its 000 degree re-entry. The missing tiles would seem to be the cause of the accident. However, an independent board investigating the cause, ruled that the heat transfer from a damaged or missing tile would not be sufficient enough to cause the unusual increase in temperature inside the shuttle, minutes before its disintegration. the Columbia Accident Investigation Board Preliminary analysis indicated that the temperature readings seen in the shuttles left wheel well during entry would require the presence of plasma or super heated gas surrounding the shuttle during re-entry. Perhaps the jostled tiles were just the trigger for a larger, life threatening problem.

A NASA spokesman gave the following statement to the CNN reporters, Additional analysis is underway, looking at various scenarios in which a breach of some type, allowing plasma into the wheel well area or elsewhere in the wing, could occur... it was unclear where a hole might have opened in the shuttles skin, noting that the leading edge or elsewhere on the left wing, the fuselage or the left landing gear door were prime candidates." Clearly, the investigation is still in its infancy and many unanswered questions still remain. It is clear that whatever the ultimate problem that ended the lives of 7 astronauts, it was one that could not have been repaired while in space, even if the problem was identified. The shuttle did not have the necessary fuel to enter the higher orbit of the International Space Station, which was 100 miles out. The next and most important step is to take serious action to prevent such tragedies in the future. As for the status of the space program, The surviving orbiters (Atlantis, Discovery and Endeavor) are grounded until the investigation into the loss of Columbia is completed. It is unlikely that Columbia will be replaced, due to the $ billion price tag. And the march mission to the International Space Station is on hold. Even more damaging than the loss of precious equipment is the unforgettable void resulting from the death of 7 members of the human family. Quoting from President Bushs consoling words, "Their mission was almost complete and we lost them so close to home. The men and women of the Columbia had journeyed more than 6 million miles and were minutes away from arrival and reunion. The loss was sudden and terrible, and for their families the grief is heavy. Our nation shares in your sorrow and in your pride. We remember not only one moment of tragedy, but seven lives of great purpose and achievement. I offer the respect and gratitude of the people of the United States. May God bless you all."

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Things fall apart by achebe

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In Things Fall Apart, power, strength, aggression, and force define manhood. The warriors, the workers, and the wrestlers are the most respected men in the village. The Ibo rituals and communal activities are manifestations of their definition of manhood. Wrestling tournaments in which the victor earns a title, wins a bride, or receives much respect draw the whole village, Ewefiki, Okonkwos second wife, fell in love with Okonkwo for his wrestling skills. The Ibo war dance, an aggressive combination of foot work and rolling shoulders, stimulates feelings of force, power, and passion in the tribesman. This feeling is so ingrained in Ibo culture, that when invoked, it unites the present, future, and past into a single dance.

The Ibo War Dance is the manifestation of manhood. No Ibo man can resist the rhythm. The drumbeat actually communicates with the tribesmen; it urges them to a feverish state. In Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo demonstrated the urge when he danced to the rhythm. "It filled him with fire as it had always done from his youth. He trembled with the desire to conquer and subdue. It was like the desire for woman." (4). The war dance is so powerful because, with the urgent pounds of the drums, it invokes courage, aggression, and force- three characteristics that define the Ibo sense of manhood and respect. Although it is titled the "war dance" this ritual begins as a commemoration of an individuals achievement. The dance leader, donning a headdress of animal and human heads that represent his strength and power, initiates the dance. Clothing and body decorations are the primary indicators of a mans success in the Ibo culture. Warriors then join in as the tempo of the drum quickens. The dancers, their shoulders rolling and their feet side stepping to an accelerating tempo, achieve a state of undulation called Ofufu. This is the peak of the dance when the crowd, as Achebe describes it, "Rose to a frenzy, the people surged forward." (47). The war dance transcends human boundaries and links tribesmen to their ancestors so that all dance together, or as Achebe describes "[the rhythm] was no longer a mere disembodied sound but the very heartbeat of the people." (50).

So many aspects of the Ibo way of life are linked to destruction and violent behavior. Physical displays of superiority (such as dancing and wrestling) are used to settle disputes, show dominance, attract women, and achieve respect in their culture. These demonstrations are greatly appreciated by the Ibo community, giving titled men, "great happiness" to watch (65). However, these shows of masculinity are not always for sport. Okonkwo, for example, killed a boy who was very close to his family in order to demonstrate his manliness to his peers. Afterwards, he thought, "How can a man who has killed five men in battle fall to pieces because he has added a boy to their number? Okonkwo, you have become a woman indeed." (65). This awry perspective of gender is, for better or worse, an intrinsic part of every person in the Ibo community.

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Distant Intercessory Prayer

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Distant Intercessory Prayer 1

Running head INTERCESSORY PRAYER AND TASK PERFORMANCE

Distant Intercessory Prayer and Task Performance

Lynn M. Munson and Douglas Degelman Do my essay on Distant Intercessory Prayer CHEAP !

Vanguard University of Southern California

Distant Intercessory Prayer

Abstract

In an extension of research demonstrating causal effects of intercessory prayer for physical

healing in a medical setting, the present study experimentally examined the effects of

intercessory prayer for improved task performance in an employment setting. Trained

customer service representatives either did, or did not, receive (over a 14-day period) daily

intercessory prayer for the specific needs and challenges of their workplace. Speed of call

handling was evaluated for each customer service representative. The specific dependent

measures were number of calls per hour and number of seconds per call. No statistically

significant differences between prayer and non-prayer groups were found for either calls per

hour or seconds per call. Recommendations for research in this new area of study center on

methodological issues, including the selection of relevant dependent measures.

Distant Intercessory Prayer

Distant Intercessory Prayer and Task Performance

Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of

religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health (Gartner, Larson, &

Allen, 11; Koenig, 10; Levin & Vanderpool, 11; Maton & Pargament, 187; Paloma &

Pendleton, 11; Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 11). One of the "religious behaviors" that

has been shown to be related to health and well-being is prayer (Finney & Maloney, 185;

McCullough, 15; Paloma & Pendleton, 11).

The empirical studies examined in these reviews have almost all revealed a significant

relationship between an individuals religious belief system and measures of well-being (Aldridge,

11; Friedman & Benson, 17; Larson et al., 1; Matthews, 17). A more difficult question

to answer is whether the relationship between religion and health, or more specifically between

prayer and health, is causal. Most studies examining prayer and health are correlational, leaving

unanswered the question of whether prayer is causing the observed changes in health. To

illustrate, if individuals who pray for physical healing (or know that others are praying for them)

have more positive outcome measures, many would argue that the positive outcome is not the

direct effect of the prayer, but instead may be the result of positive cognitive expectations.

One study that has experimentally examined the causal effect of prayer on health measures

was conducted by Randolph Byrd (188). Byrd conducted what has proved to be a landmark

study experimentally examining the causal effect of intercessory prayer (prayer offered on behalf

of another) on recovery from cardiological illness. In this double-blind study, patients in a

coronary care unit either received or did not receive daily prayer (while hospitalized) from

Christian prayer intercessors. Patients receiving prayer had "less congestive heart failure, required

less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests,

and were less frequently intubated and ventilated" (Byrd, 188, p. 8).

In another randomized, double-blind study on the effect of healing therapy utilizing

intercessory prayer on insulin dosage in type I diabetes mellitus patients, Wirth and Mitchell

(14) found that although there was a reduction in insulin dosage over a period of two weeks in

Distant Intercessory Prayer 4

the treatment condition compared to the control condition, the difference was not statistically

significant.

Although Byrds (188) study provides some evidence of a causal effect of prayer on

medical outcomes, there have been no comparable studies examining the potential causal effects

of prayer outside a medical setting. One important setting in which to study prayer is the

workplace, where prayer may address issues such as potential interpersonal conflict and the

pressures inherent in most workplaces (such as deadlines and performance evaluations). The

workplace clearly represents an untapped area for research into the possible causal effects of

intercessory prayer.

The specific purpose of the present study was to utilize the double-blind methodology of

Byrds (188) study on health outcomes to evaluate the "distance" effects (Dossey, 17; Schlitz,

17) of intercessory prayer (prayer without the individuals presence or awareness) on

occupational task performance. In a health care customer service call center, will individuals

receiving prayer evidence different levels of task performance (number of calls answered per hour

and number of seconds per call) compared to individuals who are not receiving prayer?

Method

Participants

Research participants were 10 trained customer service call center representatives ( men

and 4 women) all residing in southern California.

1

The mean age for the men was 4.0 years (SD

= 8.8), and the mean age for the women was 7. years (SD = 8.). Ethnicity of participants was

not evaluated. All study participants had at least six months and no more than two years

experience in this customer service call center environment. Primary responsibilities of the

customer service representatives were to respond to member questions concerning health care

coverage and to attempt to resolve member complaints. Participants worked in a controlled

environment at individual pod-like workstations, which were grouped in clusters of five. Each

used identical computer and phone answering equipment. Calls were distributed equally as

representatives were available.

Distant Intercessory Prayer 5

Two women (ages 6 and 55) served as prayer intercessors for the study. The intercessors

were self-identified Christians who were active participants in prayer ministries in a local United

Methodist church.

Apparatus

Data on answer speed and call handling time was attained utilizing the Northern Telecom

Meridian Max call reporting system. A daily prayer log sheet was used as a self report by prayer

intercessors.

Procedure

Participants were randomly assigned by gender- and age-matched pairs to prayer and nonprayer

groups. Participants had no knowledge that a study on intercessory prayer was being

conducted, but they were aware of ongoing monitoring of their phone interactions with

customers. Permission to use these data for the current study was obtained. Customer service

representatives in the prayer group were assigned to two prayer intercessors who had no prior

knowledge of the participants. Intercessors were provided with general information related to

potential work environment challenges and specific information (age, gender, and identification

number) about those for whom they were to pray. They were directed to offer daily specific

prayers for efficiency, alertness, and wisdom with members issues. Most prayers were -5

minutes in length. Intercessors recorded daily prayer "events" for each individual.

The study period spanned a 7-day pretest period (11//6 to 11//6) and a 14-day

experimental period (11/10/6 to 11//6). Daily measurements of number of calls answered per

hour and call handling time (number of seconds per call) were obtained.

Results

For each participant, the mean number of calls per hour and the mean number of seconds

per call for both the seven-day pretest period and the fourteen-day experimental period were

obtained. Table 1 presents, for both prayer and non-prayer groups, the means and standard

deviations of both measures (calls per hour and seconds per call) for both pretest period and

experimental period.

Distant Intercessory Prayer 6

Preliminary analyses of pretest calls per hour and seconds per call revealed no significant

differences between prayer and non-prayer groups for either calls per hour, F (1, 6) = 0.4, p =

.5, or seconds per call, F (1, 6) = 0., p = .4.

Multivariate tests of significance of calls per hour and seconds per call (and follow-up

univariate tests of significance of each) revealed no significant differences between prayer and

non-prayer groups in the change in either the mean number of calls per hour or the mean number

of seconds per call from pretest period to experimental period (all ps .10).

Discussion

The major finding of this study is that prayer for a two-week time period did not elicit a

statistically significant change in task performance as measured by time per call or number of calls

handled per hour among customer service representatives. While other studies found a correlation

between prayer and physical or mental wellness, this study, which appears to be the first study

dealing with the potential causal effects of prayer on occupational task performance, found no

effect of prayer on the two measures of occupational task performance (calls per hour and

seconds per call).

In considering the results of this exploratory study, several issues are clear. First, it must be

recognized that there are many, many measures potentially affected by intercessory prayer beyond

the physical characteristics of the phone conversations between the customer service

representatives and the customers. A comprehensive list of these measures is not possible, but

included would have to be supervisor evaluations, peer evaluations, customer evaluations,

measures of personal peace, confidence, patience, kindness, insight into customer issues, and

resolution of customer issues. As the study of intercessory prayer moves into a new area

(occupational task performance), it is extremely important for researchers to have an ongoing

record of the dependent measures which were, and were not, impacted by intercessory prayer.

The dependent measures employed in this study (calls per hour and seconds per call) were

selected primarily because they were measures that were already being collected by the employer.

These measures may have been relatively insensitive to the effects of prayer due to certain

Distant Intercessory Prayer 7

conditions of employment customer service representatives received "incentives" (both monetary

and status) for efficient handling of calls. Thus, customer service representatives may have been

performing at or near optimal levels, resulting in a ceiling effect.

Second, there is an acknowledged need to report findings of statistical nonsignificance,

especially as research moves into a new area. Schlitz (17) and Larson et al. (1) both noted

the deleterious effects of selective reporting of only statistically significant effects. When a study

employs careful controls (such as the present study which controlled the potential biasing effects

of participant knowledge of being recipients of prayer), findings of statistical nonsignificance are

of greater value than studies in which several rival hypotheses can be identified.

Third, if the effect size that is being examined is reliable yet relatively small, there may be

several factors that determine whether a statistically significant effect is observed in a specific

situation. Schlitz (17) observed that the need of participants seems to increase effect size. To

the extent that this is so, we would expect employees of whom there are high expectations, or

who are experiencing prolonged stressful situations, or who operate in a highly competitive

setting might be more likely to be affected by intercessory prayer. Although some of these

conditions presumably applied in the present study, the selection of dependent measures may have

obscured their impact. Future research in this area should carefully consider the level of

participant need.

Few fields of research are as open and inviting as the study of the effects of intercessory

prayer in the workplace! In addition to the many potentially important dependent measures

already mentioned, future research needs to address additional variables such as the nature and

length of the intercessory prayer, the length of time the intercessory prayer period lasts, the

personal characteristics of both the participants and the intercessors (including age, gender, and

ethnicity), and the occupational characteristics of those receiving prayer (including type of

position, length of employment, and ongoing levels of stress). As future research begins to map

out the complex ways in which intercessory prayer impacts those in the workplace, additional

issues such as the endurance of the effects of prayer over time will certainly arise.

Distant Intercessory Prayer 8

References

Aldridge, D. (11). Spirituality, healing and medicine. British Journal of General Practice, 41,

45-47.

Byrd, R. C. (188). Positive therapeutic effects of intercessory prayer in a coronary care unit

population. Southern Medical Journal, 81, 86-8.

Dossey, L. (17, March). Prayer as distant intentionality An idea whose time has come. Paper

presented at the meeting of Spirituality and Healing in Medicine-II, Los Angeles, CA.

Finney, J. R., & Malony, H. N. (185). Empirical studies of Christian prayer A review of the

literature. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 1, 104-115.

Friedman, R., & Benson, H. (17). Spirituality and medicine. Mind/Body Medicine, , 1-.

Gartner, J., Larson, D. B., & Allen, G. D. (11). Religious commitment and mental health A

review of the empirical literature. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 1, 6-5.

Koenig, H. G. (10). Research on religion and mental health in later life A review and

commentary. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, , -5.

Larson, D. B., Sherrill, K. A., Lyons, J. S., Craigie, F. C., Thielman, S. B., Greenwold, M. A., et

al. (1). Associations between dimensions of religious commitment and mental health

reported in the American Journal of Psychiatry and Archives of General Psychiatry 178-

18. American Journal of Psychiatry, 14, 557-55.

Levin, J. S., & Vanderpool, H. Y. (11). Religious factors in physical health and the prevention

of illness. Prevention in Human Services, (), 41-64.

Maton, K. I., & Pargament, K. I. (187). The roles of religion in prevention and promotion.

Prevention in Human Services, 5, 161-05.

Matthews, D. A. (17). Religion and spirituality in primary care. Mind/Body Medicine, , -1.

McCullough, M. E. (15) Prayer and health Conceptual issues, research review, and research

agenda. Journal of Psychology and Theology, , 15-.

Paloma, M. M., & Pendleton, B. F. (11). The effects of prayer and prayer experiences on

measures of general well-being. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 1, 71-8.

Distant Intercessory Prayer

Payne, I. R., Bergin, A. E., Bielema, K. A., & Jenkins, P. H. (11). Review of religion and

mental health Prevention and the enhancement of psychosocial functioning. Prevention in

Human Services, (), 11-40.

Schlitz, M. J. (17, March). Healing effects of intercessory prayer and distance intentionality.

Paper presented at the meeting of Spirituality and Healing in Medicine-II, Los Angeles, CA.

Wirth, D. P., & Mitchell, B. J. (14). Complementary healing therapy for patients with Type I

diabetes mellitus. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 8, 67-77.

Distant Intercessory Prayer 10

Table 1

Means and Standard Deviations of Mean Calls Per Hour and Mean Seconds Per Call for

Prayer and Non-Prayer Groups by Period

Period

Measure Pretest Experimental

Prayer

Calls Per Hour

M 7.88 7.6

SD 1.86 .0

Seconds Per Call

M 50.05 55.01

SD 71.7 6.86

Non-Prayer

Calls Per Hour

M 8. 7.8

SD .16 .10

Seconds Per Call

M 0. 5.6

SD 8. 81.5

Distant Intercessory Prayer 11

Author Note

Requests for reprints should be sent to Lynn M. Munson, 108 Trident Lane, Huntington

Beach, CA 646.

Distant Intercessory Prayer 1

Footnote

1The study began with 115 participants; data from 1 were dropped due to insufficient data

resulting from illnesses and unexpected days off.

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The Computer and The Internet

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Introduction

Since the dawn of time there have been great achievements that have helped mankind progress to the next level of a species. The first things you think of would of course be the wheel and fire. While these are very important in our history, now we must think of the things around us that would and will be useful in our future. Things like the automobile have grown to be very important and many rely on them for their everyday travel. But there are a couple other things that many people dont even think too much about yet they play a giant role in our everyday activities. These key items would be computers and the Internet. Although you dont realize it all of the time, they are the sole things that keep you going. What makes it so when you turn the key in the ignition of your car it starts? That would be a computer. What controls when the traffic lights change? That would also be a computer. When you go on your computer at work what do you use? You use the Internet. Everyone uses them; its just that you use them so much you dont think of it as often. Other items that play smaller roles are items such as satellite TV and cable TV.

The world has changed since these machines have come along. Its almost scary to stop and think how much we rely on them on our day-to-day routine. So you must realize that with this advanced technology there are pros and cons. Just sometimes the cons are hard to find.

Help with essay on The Computer and The Internet

Development of the Computer and Internet

The computer is an invention that has shaped and molded a generation of people from all over the world into one big community. The Internet has helped bridge giant gaps in communication and business alike. Both of these wonderful creations are now what the things you use everyday, use to keep them going. This fact can be seen as both a positive and a negative to how technology plays a part in everyones life. No matter how you choose to look at the computer and the Internet, they are both very important pieces of both our history and our future.

The first electronic digital computers were created to assume the position of giant calculators to figure out calculations needed in building weapons for World War II. A man named John P. Eckert built the first of these machines in 14. His machine was called the ENIAC or the Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator. ENIAC used 18,000 vacuum tubes, used about 1,800 square feet of floor space, and consumed around 180,000 watts of electrical power. This was a very hard to work with and not very user friendly but it worked with the programs it was built to work with.

Close to 0 years later the first actual use of an Internet type network was used. Originally in 16 the Internet was developed for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under a program titled the Resource Sharing Computer Networks. It was created so that military sites could maintain communication around the world in the event of a nuclear attack. Then when the cold war ended the Internet was kept around for basically the same reason, it was used as a long distance communications tool. Much like a phone would be before its time. The Internet stayed a pretty private thing until in 18 a man by the name of Tim Berners-Lee helped to create the World Wide Web. His idea took "hyper-text" and extended its abilities not only within documents but also from different computer sites. His creation was released as the first ever web server. In 1 there were over 1,000,000 hosts for the Internet. In the webs third year it had a growth rate of 41,64%.

That was just the beginning of what has come to be a new way of looking at things. Computers and the Internet now connect almost the entire world. And to think that this was how it all began.

Internet Classrooms

In recent years there has been a lot of controversy over whether or not to use the Internet as a classroom for learning. The debate is very fueled and both sides have their own good points.

As with everything in life there are pros and cons. Well start off with the pros. They are as follows; students get enjoyment from using computers to learn, without knowing the students will soon no longer consider a school subject so boring, most of all since sending messages play a very important part in working on the net students will learn valuable social skills. With that last point in mind, the Internet can be viewed as a tool for socialization.

Now we shall look over the cons on the subject. First of all there is fear from teachers of many things like job loss, new technology, and vulnerability. The next is the desire to hold onto traditional teaching methods where the teacher is the central emphasis for the class. The last main con to Internet learning is that the teacher can never really be sure as to whether or not the person taking the test or answering questions is really the person registered for the class. These are all very important points.

Along with pros and cons there are also advantages and disadvantages in the arguments over Internet learning. One of the first advantages that come to mind is the accessibility of the Internet. You dont need to be a whiz kid to search the net. Programs are getting more and more user friendly every day. That being said it wouldnt be very hard to learn to use the Internet as you would a schoolbook, and if you have trouble there are millions of people online who would be willing to help you. One of the teachers advantages would of course be the wide spectrum of authentic material available on the net. Also with such a wide range of information it helps for everyone to find something he or she likes. Students will also gain the important skill of separating the relevant material from the false information.

The disadvantages are there also, its not a one sided argument. There is very much a lack of organization on the net. There is no coherent structure. There is in fact so much information on the net that at some times it can become overwhelming. Finding some topics on the net can also be a task in itself. At the same time some topics will have you buried neck deep in information making it important and almost a necessity to be able to weed through and find the important information. Since it is easy to put up your own website now-a-days many people with very little information on subjects take up space and make clutter when trying to find certain needed info. The speed of the Internet can be a weighty factor in learning anything over the web. With the numbers of users rising every day the Internet is becoming more and more congested. This would make limited lesson times a problem due to the lag time for messages to be relayed. Downloading files and graphics to be used can become a tedious job and to try and squeeze it into a lesson would be a hard task. From a teachers standpoint the vast array of information on the Internet is a turnoff. Much of the info is not relevant, desirable, or even appropriate for students studies. There have been debates over controversial information found on the Internet such as racist propaganda and pornography, and the major argument was that you could find it in everyday life also if you just looked around. But you wouldnt find this info in a classroom or a university. Many teachers also say that yes, the Internet should be used for teaching purposes, but it should be integrated with the school curriculum and brought into the classroom. The last very big problem with the Internet is the ability for students to plagiarize. With modern software and the ease of cut and paste the temptation for students to copy entire works is very much there.

The argument over Internet learning will probably go on for another year or so. Both sides have very good points and will keep arguing them until they reach an agreement. There are many people who think we should move along with the times and start using the Internet to its full ability. But there are enough who want to stay traditional and keep kids in the real classroom to keep the computer generation from taking over. There are already colleges over the Internet, who knows whats next. Maybe the next generation will never have to leave their house to learn; maybe they will roll over turn on their laptop and be at school. If only it was that easy now.

Impact of the New Media on Chinas Press

The Internet can be anything you want it to be, there are basically no rules or boundaries to be found when dealing with the Internet. Some see the Internet as a means to make money, some see it as a way to connect, the people of China however see it as their only freedom of speech. They see it as a place to discuss politics and see how life is in other countries. In the last few years Chinas use and availability of the Internet has dramatically increased as it has in most other countries. This makes a new problem for Chinas govt. to watch over and try and control.

With the increasing popularity of Satellite and Cable TV a new media has risen up in Chinas communist territory. The official government controlled news stations are quickly becoming outnumbered by commercial and overseas news. The Internet is becoming where everyone goes to find anything.

For however long anyone can remember propaganda authorities controlled all Chinas "media". Their "media" consisted of a couple newspapers, some magazines, and a few broadcasting stations, all run by the government. Today in China it is very different that what it used to be. There are over ,000 newspapers, 00 TV stations, and over 0 million cable TV users. Along with those there are over 40, 000 websites. More than 6 million Chinese Internet users spend at least one hour a day on the net. Nearly 6% use the net for their news, about 4% of adult users and 40% of young users visit overseas websites. Overseas news outlets do not need to be approved by the Communist Partys propaganda departments.

In the past the government found it easy to manipulate what people watched by limiting them to only one news channel. Besides news the program was used to put across the political parties propaganda campaigns and political mobilizations. But now the program is losing viewers rapidly due to the other entertainment available. When there was only one single source of information the people had no way of knowing whether the stories were true. Until the new forms of media came to the people, the propaganda authorities effectively controlled the flow of information. Now with the Internet the public no longer relies on the official information to make their own decisions and opinions. Instead when something happens, they research it to see if it was real and what all the facts were.

Until recently the flow of radio broadcasts was stopped by jamming the waves. And it was illegal to own a TV antenna. Anyone who wanted a fax machine had to register it with the Telecommunications Department. Today you still have to register your fax machine but not your computer or Internet. The radio broadcasts are controlled by a frequency licensing system. But any one who wants can start their own webcast and listen to them on the net.

With the emergence of these new forms of media in China, it has brought a new life to the people. A clear life where they can see what is really going on and not have to rely on the propaganda machine that runs their country. They now have ways of getting their voices heard and not just in their community, or there country for that matter, they can get it heard all over the world. This just shows how much importance the Internet has and what capabilities it has.

Terrorists Use the Net Too

The same advantages that the Internet is so famed for bringing to the general public is also being used by those we fear the most. Yes thats right, terrorists use the net too. They use the Internet to encrypt their plans and even sometimes-full maps. The iDefense director of intelligence for special projects Ben Venzke stated "the internet and e-mail provide the perfect vehicles for these groups to communicate with each other, to spread their message, to raise money, and to launch cyber attacks." A recent report from U.S. officials shows that terrorists use of the net is widespread. Government and Private security firms are doing all they can to keep up with them, but as technology advances the struggle gets harder and harder. Both the government and private parties agree that the web is widely used by such terrorist groups as Hezbollah and Hamas. These organizations use the net for propaganda and to exchange information. Matthew Devost has said that the groups working on the net could not only attack the Internet economy but also power, transportation and other systems that rely on information on the web.

Terrorists are getting creative with how they use the web. Pretty much wherever you can send an e-mail with audio or graphics is fair territory for terrorists. Also something called Steganography, which is putting encrypted messages in electronic files, is becoming widely used. A government report showed that they have been hiding pictures and maps of targets in sports chat rooms, on pornographic bulletins, and on web sites. And even though government officials are aware of the Internet activity there is nothing they can do. First we live in a country with free speech and they are just practicing their right. The other reason officials cant do anything is that it is impossible to track where a website was started and who posted what, where and when.

So until we find ways to track Internet use the terrorists have the upper hand in this fight. Darn us and our right to free speech.

Internet Businesses

The newer trends on the web are Internet businesses. They are cheap to run, easy to maintain, and it doesnt take a genius to start one up. Businesses like Amazon.com and Cdnow.com dont have a single real storefront but they make more than a lot of the normal department stores. One of the reasons people go online instead of the stores is to get away from the crowds. There arent people pushing and shoving to get in line in your own home (hopefully). A lot of the online stores have better prices than those you would find at a real Mall Type store. Some of these online shops dont last very long at all, but the lucky ones are still staying strong.

Along with companies who only have virtual storefronts, many of the big companies have there own online shop. Many of these stores offer in-store pick up like Circuit City and Best Buy. Online you can also compare features of multiple products to figure out which one is better for you. The online stores are just a great convenience for those who either dont like to go out shopping or those who just cant.

Internet Shopping also gets crazy around holiday time, especially Christmas. Many stores offer big deals like free shipping and guaranteed delivery by Christmas morning.

The company execs are cashing in on the virtual world. They have jumped on the bandwagon with the youth of the nation and found a new way to market their much-needed products. I speak for everyone when I say thank you to the Big Wigs.

Conclusion

In the end you see what a great role new media has brought to the world. It has brought a voice to the people who could not speak. It has brought new ideas into the classrooms of the future. It has brought more money to the corporate money mercenaries. But it has also helped terrorists. You know you just cant win them all.

Thirty years from now I know that people will look back and see that things changed for the better, that our new forms of technology brought us all closer, and that nerds who thought computers would solve problems and not make them were right. Hopefully the Internet will merge all barriers and break down walls that are starting to decay.

Please note that this sample paper on The Computer and The Internet is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Computer and The Internet, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on The Computer and The Internet will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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