The Emergence of Expressionism in the 20th Century

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"The artist expresses only what he has within himself, not what he sees with his eyes." Alexej von Jawlensky.

Expressionism is a movement in the art world that spread quickly due to its broad appeal. Expressionist artwork concerns itself more on the emotions of the artist than the subject being portrayed. Artists were attracted to this movement because it allowed for new concepts of colour application and distortion. To look at this movement is to look through a panoramic view, and encompass the many different movements, artists, locations, and influences that were involved in establishing expressionism. The philosophy of tying emotion to art was the factor that led to the beginning of the style. Turmoil in society was the focus of the first artists, and eventually all emotions were associated with expressionism. The history of expressionism began in 105, with the forerunners Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin and Edvard Munch. It followed the movement of impressionism, although very different in style. Impressionism was a style that involved capturing the moment. It focused on use of colour to depict light, instead of expressionism depicting emotion. The Fauves were the first group of painters to acquire the name 'expressionist; they led the movement that was to occur. The symbolism of colour in relation to emotion emerged, and to study the expressionist movement colour must be a main focus. Artists of all mediums were interested in capturing emotion. Sculptors, writers, and music composers were headed in the direction of expression. In Germany the art style had special appeal to the people because of the angst they were suffering in the years before World War I. The movement of expressionism eventually subdued in, but it opened a door for Dadaism, Surrealism and Fantasy art. Artists began to steer away from incorporating emotion, and concentrated purely on distortion in the name of art. The trend of expressionism continues to be considered a movement toward individualism and is studied because of the importance of the precursors of expressionism and the after-effects that were felt in the world due to expressionism.

Expressionism is a trend of applying the artists emotions toward the subject or the emotions that the artist is feeling at the time they produce a work. It is not only a style, but is also a philosophy that erupted around 105 through 118 and spread throughout the art world . The trend of rationality in art was the dominant art style in time up to the 1th century when artists realized that they could express their personal emotions to the audience through their art works. They also believed that art and society are interwoven. In their art works they expressed social injustices, rejected materialistic prosperity, and break away from the capitalistic society. This was the rebellion from optical representation to personal interpretation. Artists broke away from the common portrait style paintings and instead took a new approach to art, which consisted of capturing the emotions felt about the subject instead of the subject itself.

Expressionism emerged in Germany when artists began to shift focus from the reality of touch and sight to an individual perception. Early artists who experimented with violent colour movement and exaggerated lines to suggest emotional expressionism include Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin and Edvard Munch.

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Impressionism began when the trio of Renoir, Claude Monet and Alfred Sisley showcased their art of the outdoors and the effect of sunlight on subject matter. Critics scorned the artwork and the artists were called 'impressionists because the work showed a general impression of the subject. The paintings can be distinguished because it seems as if the artists took only a few minutes to complete the artwork. The invention of the camera allowed painters to leave the indoor studios and begin to in paint the outdoors ; depicting crowds, buildings, and other scenes that take place outdoors. Subject matter was broader than ever before in art history. Often the artists would paint the same subject many times over to include the different effect that light has on the painting. Monet painted the west façade of Rouen Cathedral twenty-six times, concentrating on light effect.

French poet De Vigny stated that one should love the things one will never see again . The impressionists found the goal to capture the fleeing moment, and contain the essence of a snapshot. The experimentation of colour, line, and movement by the impressionists led to the birth of expressionism where the new techniques were used to not only portray light and dark, but to portray emotion.

Expressionist artists incorporate colourful interpretations, movement, distortion, and interest in nature when portraying their subject matter, where as the classical trend follows rules about proportion, arrangement, and realistic depictions of light distribution.

THE HAYSTACK

The roots of experimentation with art techniques began with impressionism, but philosophy emerged with expressionism.

The Fauves began exhibiting their artwork in 105 in Paris. Critics who were astonished by the use of vibrant colours, shape distortion, and bold brush strokes rejected the artwork. The term Fauvism comes from the French word, "Fauves" which means wild beast, which referred to the work of the artists because to the French the new style of art was radical. The Fauves challenged the modern use of art, and slanted toward a style that was unrealistic, free, and wild. Henri Matisse was in the forefront of the Fauves movement with his use of exaggerated colours, used to evoke emotion, and experimenting use of collages and simplified paintings. His unique style of interweaving colour and emotional symbolism has remained one of the classifying elements of the expressionist movement.

Each expressionist artist correlated colours with emotion differently, but the symbol each colour holds does not change. Van Gogh and Gauguin were motivated by the idea that colours and emotions interrelate, and aimed to capture the philosophy in their artwork. German artist Paula Modersohn-Becker remarked after viewing Van Goghs work, "I should like to endow colour with fullness, excitement." The colour yellow was used to convey a symbol of relaxation, hopefulness, and a offer a contrast to the colours grey and violet which symbolize darkness and shadow. Van Gogh was used yellow avidly in his artwork. Association of emotion to colour and artistic form was an indicator that a modern era was emerging. The new perspective symbolized the shift that was occurring across the world. The artists pushed for a break from conformed thought, and established a focus on emotion and the individual. Red was seen as sexual; blue was a symbol of nothingness and coolness. Artists kept the use of brown to a minimum in the expressionist period, as it was neutral and evoked no emotion. Franz Marc used red and blue to portray a kaleidoscope of colour and energy.

THE YELLOW COW

As a society as a whole is affected by a new philosophy, the society of artists were influenced by integration of emotion and distortion to their work. Sculptors distorted the human figure to produce emotional shock . Auguste Rodin added piece by piece his sculptures in the same way expressionist painters added strokes.

They furthered the movement away from rationalism. Writers were also absorbed by expressionism, tying the audiences emotions into work. Staging techniques, scene design and directing took new approaches. German music composer, Richard Wagner made carefully structured works in the name of expressionism. Emotion was the focus of the entire movement, understanding the emotion was another focus in expressionism.

German Expressionism flourished and continued to dominate the German world of art because the people felt that it was important to represent emotional feelings to their paintings. Sadness was conveyed and accepted in paintings with exaggerated movement and line structure and texture. Before the outbreak of World War I, painter Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, captured the feelings of tension and encompassed the theme of appearance verses reality in his paintings. During the war, Kathe Kollwitz, painted to protest against the suffering of the poor and needy in wartime. She said, "the joyous side simply did not appeal to me." Her painting Death and the Mother, generate a feeling of helplessness desperate fear.

DEATH AND THE MOTHER

Edvard Munch was a forerunner for the German movement; he painted through the eyes of a person suffering from extreme mourning. Familiar shapes were distorted, and unexpected colour was applied to the art. Through his painting, The Scream, Munch captured fear and terror by heightening the intensity of the scream.

THE SCREAM

A small group of artists in Germany were attracted to the violent colour and distortion of the Fauves movement of Van Gogh, Munch, and Gauguin. The Die Brucke, meaning 'the bridge, used expressionist techniques to cry out against economic and social conditions during World War I and search for answers beyond secularism and convention. With woodcutting as a medium, simplification in depiction was established. Kirchner stated, "Uncomprehended for the most part, and totally distorted; for with us [the will] shaped the form and gave it meaning." When the Die Brucke split up in 11 , it gave way to inspire Dadaism, Surrealism and Fantasy art.

The Dada movement occurred in the turmoil of World War I, they believed the world had lost meaning and purpose, and reflected this view in their art. The surrealists were the group who rejected control, composition and logic to the extreme. Dreams and the subconscious were the focus of the art. The shift from emotional ties in the early days of expressionism was beginning to lessen in the trends that followed. It spread from Switzerland to Germany and Paris. Dadaism led the way for surrealism to emerge. Salvador Dali created eerie artworks symbolizing an irrational dream world.

Art in Focus- pg6 THE PERSISTENCE OF MEMORY

The trends that followed expressionism, although slightly different in style, still contained the emotions of the artist, therefore still remaining on the lines of the movement.

With the contribution of artists from around the globe in the following time periods influenced by the works of the expressionists, and their new form of capturing the audience through a painting, artists experimented with surreal fantasy art, and Dadaism emerged. German painters involved with emotional art were able to express their anguish through their paintings, and used expressionism to their benefit. They experimented with new art style, while sculptors, painters and writers were experimenting all over the world. The use of colour defined the art movement, as painters focused more on heightened emotional awareness through the use of colour. The Fauves were the group to begin with the usage of violent colour variations in their work, and although they were criticised in their own beginning, critics around the world recognize the influence they had on the rest of the world. They broke away from the impressionist movement before them, and found their own niche. From 105, and the first exhibition of expressionist art, the movement has found not only a lasting place in the timeline of art history, but also found a place an influential art philosophy .

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