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All species ultimate goal is survival. Throughout time and evolution, each species has changed to meet their individual environmental conditions. Natural selection weans out the weak and allows the strong to flourish. Through invasion and adaptation, nematodes can affect every known organism (Baer, 167). Nematodes have adapted through structure, feeding, behaviour and reproduction to survive in many different conditions.

Nematodes need to feed throughout their lives in order to have the energy required for life functions such as metabolism, growth and reproduction (Croll & Matthews, 177). The food must fulfill both chemical and physical requirements of the nematode. Chemical requirements include pH and physical requirements refer to texture and temperature (Croll & Matthews, 177). Free-living nematodes eat During the life cycles of some parasitic forms non-feeding stages do occur (Croll & Matthews, 177). Parasitic nematodes in the larval stage feed and grow whereas in the adult stage some parasites will live for over a year in soil without any need for eating (Croll & Matthews, 177).

The nematode is made up of two tubes within one another (Croll & Matthews). The inner tube is the gut and contains the stoma, pharynx, intestine, rectum and anus as seen in figure ??? (Croll & Matthews, 177).

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(Croll & Matthews, 177, p. 7)

According to Croll and Matthews (177), the stoma takes on various forms based on the type of nematode. Some nematodes have simple, uniform stomas while bacterial feeders stomas are a simple cylinder shape and plant-parasitic nematodes have spear-like stomas to pierce the host cells (Croll & Matthews, 177). The pharynx is used to pump food against a pressure gradient backwards through the nematode and into the intestine where digestion and absorption take place (Croll & Matthews, 177). Figure ??? shows the movement of food through a nematode and into the intestine.

(Pechenik, 000, p. 414)

Following digestion and absorption, the unused food is passed to the rectum and anus for disposal (Croll & Matthews, 177). As the nematode feeds, the hind gut undergoes movement which in turn eliminates fluid, a process referred to as defaecation (Croll & Matthews, 177). This squeezing motion of fluids from the rectum and anus is controlled by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the nematode (Croll & Matthews, 177). After this fluid loss, the entire nematode contracts to compensate for the loss of fluid (Croll & Matthews, 177).

Essential foods vary depending on the type of nematode. Caenorhabditis briggsae will feed on bacteria and essential amino acids such as lysine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine and phenylalanine which the nematode is not capable of synthesizing at efficient levels (Croll & Matthews, 177). However, the amino acids alanine, asparagine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine can be synthesized by this species of nematode at sufficient levels to allow for reproduction (Croll & Matthews, 177). Nutritional needs of C. briggsae include sterol (natural steroid alcohols), haem (an iron substance) and protein growth factor (carrier for haem) (Croll & Matthews, 177). The Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm) feeds off of human blood, often creating symptoms similar to anaemia (Croll & Matthews, 177). Trichinella spiralis feeds off of vertebrate striated muscles (see figure ???), causing a symptom known as trichinosis, Dirofilaria immitis (heartworms) infest within the hearts of dogs (see figure ???), Agamermis decaudata can be found within grasshoppers (see figure ???) and Heterodera rostochiensis are parasitic in plant roots (see figure ???) (Pechenik, 000).

(Pechenik, 000, p. 417)

Many parasitic worms, while in the larval stage, feed off of bacteria (Croll & Matthews, 177). These examples show how parasitic worms have adapted over time to feed off of various organisms (Baer, 167).

Behaviour considered through the structure and physiology related to nematode activity and movement is another adaptation used to increase the number of suitable living conditions to nematodes (Croll & Matthews, 177). According to Croll and Matthews (177), movement in nematodes subjected to steady environments, is minimal, with only short durations for small periods of time. While a nematode is feeding, even less mobility is seen (Croll & Matthews, 177). However, when various environmental changes occur, such as change in temperature, change in chemical concentrations or increased light intensity, activity of the nematode will increase as seen in figure ??? (Croll & Matthews, 177).

(Croll & Matthews, 177, p. 55)

Although variations of this type of reaction do occur between species of nematodes, this

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