UN roles in the wrold

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Should outside nations or the UN become involved in civil wars or should people be left to do their own fighting?

Civil War has great repercussions, some more obvious than others. The time old saying "let them fight it out amongst themselves" has been exhausted, due to the inability of humankind to blatantly ignore the Social & Economic costs of civil conflict. Civil War creates many adverse consequences, of which are suffered not only by the active combatants but also by civilians. Many of these consequences accumulate long after the war is over. This essay shall discuss the adverse economic & social consequences of Civil War, the repercussions that may occur without the involvement of United Nations and outside nations, and lastly the effects Civil War has had on a handful countries (both socially & economically).

Firstly, Civil war is an economic catastrophe for the country at conflict. During a civil war a society diverts some of its resources from productive activities such as food production to destruction (fighting the war). With the shift in resource production focused on destruction, it creates a subsequent loss. The first loss is governments increase their military expenditure and this directly reduces economic growth. During civil war governments spend almost double their GDP on the military resources. This is likely to cause a decrease in other public expenditures such as infrastructure and health.

The main economic losses from civil war arise from the direct destruction of infrastructure. During the war rebel forces, target physical infrastructure as a part of their strategy. The main targets are the enemys communication and support lines, such as telecommunications, airports, ports, roads and bridges. In addition to this strategic destruction of key infrastructure, rebels and government soldiers loot and destroy housing, schools and health facilities. Where possible the United Nations intervenes before a conflict can escalate, to prevent destruction of infrastructure. Cheap custom writing service can write essays on UN roles in the wrold

But occasionally it is hard to gauge the exact seriousness of a situation thus, delaying the initial deployment of UN Peace Keeping Missions.

An example is Mozambique. About 40% of immobile capital in the agricultural, communications and administrative sector was destroyed. The pre-war transport system had been a large foreign income earner as goods were transported from and to the neighboring states of Malawi, Zimbabwe, Swaziland and South Africa. When civil conflict arose in Mozambique this badly damaged the transportation of goods destroying a large sector of their economy (Elbe, 00). This occurred before UN intervened thus showing that, if United Nations were to have acted earlier maybe this economic damage may have been deterred.

Secondly, Civil War creates a very concerning social consequence. The direct human effects of civil war are fatalities and population displacements. The composition of these victims is drastically different in the modern civil war from the wars of the early twentieth century; the impact has shifted from military personnel to civilians. At the beginning of the 0th century about 0% of the victims were soldiers. By the 10s nearly 0% of the casualties resulting from armed conflict were civilian (Elbe, 00). The United Nations (& outside nations) recognizes the ramifications of not becoming involved in civil Wars mainly death and bloodshed.

Mortality rates only capture one element of the human consequences of conflict; however they are a useful outline of the crisis, its devastation and its impact. There is other human damage as a consequence of conflict such as depression and psychological effects, but mortality rates have been one of the most accurately measured indicators in war surroundings. As you would have thought, the mortality effect depends upon the duration of the conflict, consider a typical five-year war. During a civil war infant mortality increases by 1%( that is 1 in 1000 children under 5yrs old).

While it might be imagined that the rise in adult mortality is because of the greater exposure of adults to the risk of combat death, few of these adult deaths are directly combat-related deaths find that the most important cause of the indirect deaths of civil war are infectious diseases (Elbe, 00). Of these, malaria is the most significant fatal disease. The death of combatants is only a very minor component of the overall rise in mortality. These numbers confirm that civil wars kill far more civilians even after the conflict is over than the number of combatants that die during the conflict.

Furthermore, Civil War can also cause psychological problems trauma and depression being the main health issues that arise from conflict.

The case of Bosnia

It is estimated that the recent war in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused more than 50000 deaths, created more than million refugees and internally displaced persons, and wounded 00000 people in Bosnia and Herzegovina alone. Recent epidemiological studies have revealed that the psychiatric morbidity associated with mass violence in civilian and refugee populations is elevated when compared with non-traumatized communities. Clinical reports of Bosnian refugees in treatment show rates of depressive symptoms ranging from 145 to 1% and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms rates ranging from 18% to 5% (Mollica et al. 1). The United Nations intervention in this case created slow but effective infrastructure. The UN provided make shift homes for the displaced Bosnian people, allowing them temporary homes, which were overcrowded and lacking adequate waste facilities.

Thirdly, the aftermath of civil War is a major rebuilding phase. Civil wars reduce the efficient use of resources that are allocated to public health, and those reductions in efficiency extend into the post-civil war period. Additionally, often refugees and internally displaced people do not return to there original homes after the war ends (due to trauma faced or fear), but remain in makeshift camps for years. Therefore population is also exposed to conditions that increase the risk of infections in the post-conflict period.

Civil wars produce strong pressures to constrain the level of resources allocated to the public health care system in the aftermath of war. Leaders in post-civil war governments face multiple and pressing competing demands for public expenditure. Civil wars produce basic needs of economic reconstruction, rebuilding armed forces, judicial system & infrastructure.

Post civil War countries opt for stronger military expenditure rather than healthcare, which is undeniably reasonable, as they have just endured civil War. The drawback of that is, slower Post civil War recovery.

Without United Nations intervention Post civil war countries find it hard to restructure themselves efficiently and effectively, simply they need to be shown how they can best restore their country to a sustainable level.

Further more, the United Nations, when involved in the peacekeeping conflict endeavor to rebuild and reconstruct a reasonable standard of living (although temporary). This provides the post civil war country with the basis on which it can restructure itself politically, socially & economically.

In this way it is beneficial that the United Nations and outside nations when involved in conflict, or peacekeeping ensure that they recreate infrastructure for civilians to once again get on with their lives.

Lastly, United Nations intervention at times of civil war is crucial. It helps ensure peace and safety to the war torn country and allows some stability in what otherwise was or is an unstable environment. It helps begin the basic process of getting back on track infrastructure process and a means of life for civilians whom have been disadvantaged by civil conflict.

Example of East Timor. East Timor received independence from Indonesia in 001. East Timor already had poor or little infrastructure so when civil war occurred it just destroyed their basic infrastructure. The United Nations and outside countries including Australia helped with restoring of infrastructure to East Timor. The United Nations allows a period of 5-10 years stay dependant on stability of a country, during this time it will create infrastructure and educate the East Timorese into having the ability to create the own infrastructure.

However, in some cases where the UN has intervened in civil war, the basic healthcare and infrastructure provided is an inadequate environment for people whom are traumatized by war. Civilians who need psychiatric help often find make shift towns and their resources inadequate and too overcrowded to deal with their condition and as a result can pass the condition onto their children (generational trauma).

In summing up,

The United Nations and outside nations should have a role in civil wars, to protect civilians and restore infrastructure to war torn environment. The United Nations and outside nations should also ensure that civil unrest and conflicts are detected prior to the onset of social and economic instability, which are attributes of civil war. Concurrent involvement of the United Nations as a mediator may also prevent the causes of civil war, if people in a country can live as one and can have their own say, there may be a means of negotiation to resolve conflicts.

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